The Social Effect Of Extracurricular Activities English Language Essay

The cordial Effect Of Extracurricular Activities English Language EssayThe act chapter intends to present some of the most prominent issues concerning employing outside(a) activities and their effect on the learners achievement in writing in general and in the ELT in distinguishicular. Also, its sexual intercourse with mental attitude of the learners, writing apprehension, and the emergence of different strategies will be under sight.Extracurricular Activities in ESL/EFL ContextExtracurricular activities play an important region in todays unessential education course of masterys (Holland Andre, 1987).The groomment of adulterous activities was slow in the beginning, with legion(predicate) seeing it simply as a temporary fashion that would pass and quickly turn a loss its style (Millard, 1930, as cited in Broh, 2002). One of the early philosophies behind adulterous activities was that they should, wherever at all possible, grow out of curricular activities and return to curricular activities to enrich them (Millard, 1930, p. 12, cited in Broh, 2002, p. 71).Eventually people, including educators, began to see the advances of extramarital activities, but it took a while to assimilate with the new trend. In fact, before 1900, educators were suspicious of meshing in extramarital activities, believing that train should sharpen solely on narrowly delimit academic outcomes. Non-academic activities were viewed as being primarily recreational and therefore were unhealthful to academic achievement, and consequently were discouraged (Marsh Kleitman, 2002, p. 5). Early experts on extracurricular activities including Millard (1930, cited in Broh, 2002) deliberated that Extracurricular activities supplement and extend those contacts and experiences be in the more than(prenominal) formal part of the program of the prepare day (p. 16). It was not until recently that educational practitioners and researchers feature taken a more despotic post and asserting that extracurricular activities may have affirmatory ca go for on life skills and may similarly benefit academic achievements (Marsh Kleitman, 2002).Kuh (1993) asserted that more than70% of what students learn in college comes from extra-curricular activities and that most students believe that the activities they do out of class provide the most significant learning experiences (Moffatt, 1989). In adjunct to the confirmations made by these researchers, the students themselves asserted that extracurricular activities contributed to their maturation (Kuh, 1993).Jugovics (2011) positive perspective about extracurricular activities was concerned about the power of such activities to overcome some difficulties in the actors line classroom. He believed that it is advantageous to think outside(prenominal) the box, and in various linguistic contexts, to consider and apply the physical aspect of language learning such as integrating simple activities like talking and wal king, which come in in natural communicative situations (Jugovic, 2011).There have been some studies devoted to studying the relationship in the midst of student involvement in activities and student academic achievement and the optimal progress in a foreign language (Jogovic, 2011 Marsh Kleitman, 2002). Although a positive correlation has been shown in many of these studies, there is liquid a fierce battle among educators concerning the need for extracurricular activities. Even some researches took a more neutral stand and attribute the ultimate influence of extracurricular activities to the context in which they occur (Shephard, 1996). They assert that extracurricular activities can have a positive or negative impact on students, depending on the context in which they are experienced. One way of viewing the impact of after- training activities is to apply a risk and resilience framework to them. Under certain band after- cultivate programs may present deficiencies (detract f rom positive growth and development) while under new(prenominal)s they may provide protective impacts ( thwart students who are at risk for negative outcomes from experiencing those outcomes). 2 positions appear to be prevalent in todays academic community regarding extracurricular activities (Marsh, 1992). These are referred to as either the academic or developmental perspective. The academic perspective considers extracurricular activities as purely leisure and not part of the purpose of schoolings. The developmental perspective considers extracurricular activities necessary to the total development of the student in todays schools (Holland Andre, 1987).Educators who believe in the developmental perspective see activities as an extension of the educational program. Furthermore, participation in these activities is positively associated with many student characteristics. Activities allow students to develop skills such as leadership, sportsmanship, self-discipline, pledge, and t he ability to handle competitive conditions. Participation is associated with high levels of self-esteem (Marsh, 1992 McNamara, 1985 Simeroth, 1987). Participation is alike related to lower delinquency rates (Marsh, 1992 Newman, 1991). Howley and Huang (1991) arrange that extracurricular activity across different schools exhibited a positive correlation on academic achievement.McNamara (1985) concluded in his study that students benefit academically if they put downd in high, moderate, or low numbers of extracurricular activity. Extracurricular activities offer an hazard to interact in ways that allow the previously mentioned skills to develop. The developmental professionals believe that many of these skills would be impossible or very difficult to develop in a classroom setting.Marsh (1992) statedAccording to different theoretical perspectives, extracurricular activity participation may be posited to (a) divert assistance from academic pursuits, as evidenced by its negative effects on narrowly defined academic goals (b) have little or no effect on academic outcomes but contribute to desirable nonacademic outcomes or (c) have positive effects on nonacademic outcomes and facilitate academic growth, perhaps indirectly, as intumesce. (p. 553)According to Marsh (1992), extracurricular activities may have two positive and negative effect on students academic growth. Based on this statement, Jordan and Nettles (2000) referred to structured after-school activities which have been associated with higher educational outcomes. Jordan and Nettles (2000), in their analysis of data from the National Educational Longitudinal register of 1988, found that student participation in structured activities, religious activities, and time with adults during 10th grade had a significant positive effect on educational outcomes for those same students in 12th grade. Conversely, students who spent more unstructured time were at greater risk of negative educational outcomes. T he composes provided a model reflecting that in addition to student characteristics and factors inherent in the school context, the investments students make during their off hours in themselves and in their community affects their investment in schooling and, consequently, their feat in school. It is important to note that the extracurricular activities examined in the study were broad-based, and did not specifically included homework assistance programs.Cosden, Morrison, Albanese, Macias (2001, cited in Jogovic, 2011) summarized the outcomes of 10 studies on structured after-school programs that offered students assistance with homework and an other(a)(prenominal) academic needs. Nearly all of the studies focused on children considered at risk for school failure as a solvent of low income, limited familial resources, and/ or poor grades. Further, these after-school programs offered a broad range of activities in addition to academic support (Beck, 1999 Halpern, 1992 Posner Va ndell, 1999). While the temper of the academic support varied, distributively program provided children with structure and adult contact. The full impact of these programs on the students academic performance appeared to be combined by other child and t each(prenominal)er factors, such as increases in the childs self-esteem and school bonding and changes in teacher impressions regarding the effort and abilities of the students.In a comprehensive study, Cooper, Valentine, Nye, Lindsay (1999) also examined the relation between after-school activities and academic achievement as measured by standardized demonstrates and teacher-assigned grades among students in grades 6 through 12. Using a questionnaire, adolescents describe approximately how much time they spent on homework, working at a job, extracurricular activities, structured groups outside of school, and observation television. Findings revealed that more time in extracurricular activities and less time in jobs and watching television were associated with higher test scores and grades. In addition, more time on homework was associated with mitigate grades.In another study, both Beck (1999) and Halpern (1992) conducted qualitative evaluations of the dynamics of large, urban after-school programs. Beck (1999) studied a program that was suitable for youth from multifariousnessergarten through 12th grade. The author reported that the factors crucial to the programs success were the provision of a structured time and location for doing homework and instructional support. Beck (1999) suggested that academic outcomes of this program were conflated by changes in the students self-confidence as well as changes in teacher impressions of the students endeavors.Halpern (1992) conducted a qualitative evaluation of a program that provided after-school homework assistance to younger children (5-12 long time old). Similar to Beck (1999), Halpern (1992) found that participation gave students greater confidence in th eir abilities and provided an opportunity to develop positive, school-related, adult attachments. Although the findings of these two studies were descriptive and did not identify causal relationships between homework completion and academic performance, they suggested that homework completion can affect students perceptions of themselves and teachers expectations of students in meaningful ways.In a comprehensive study of 400 round-eyed school children in several different after-school programs, Ross et al. (1992) provided support for using these programs to build self-esteem, while also finding that self-esteem can be a predictor of academic performance. The researchers found that participation in an after-school program designed to build self-esteem had positive effects on standardized test scores in math and reading, while receiving extended school time to complete homework did not have the same positive effects on self-esteem or achievement. These findings strengthen the idea th at after-school academic support does the greatest achievement when it enhances the students perceptions that they can be successful at school.Several other studies (e.g., Morrison et al., 2000) have found that after-school academic tutoring or homework assistance may not result in an improvement in academic performance, but, rather, encumber a decline in performance that is evidenced by many at-risk youth. The extracurricular activities such as watching were connected to cognitive development of students (Shin, 2004). The kernel and quality of television viewing and family involvement were not the only influences of facilitateing at risk students. The effects of music and sports were also influential in their relation to the prevention of this decline.Morrison et al. (2000) studied 350 at-risk students, half of whom participated in an after-school program that provided homework assistance, tutoring, and cultural enrichment activities. They found after 1 year students in the prog ram well-kept their initial levels of school bonding and teacher ratings of student behavior, while some of students who did not participate in the program showed decreases on these measures over the same occlusion of time.Ross et al. (1992) evaluated an after-school tutoring program serving low-income African American students. After 2 years, participants did not show significant increases in grades, but students who were not in the program showed a significant grade decrease. Together, these studies indicate that after-school academic support may play a protective role by helping to prevent a loss of school enfolding even if it doesnt result in higher levels of functioning and academic success.Based on the concept of extracurricular activities, The Gevirtz prep thrust (Cosden, Morrison, Albanese, Macias, 2001) was established as an after school program. It differed from other previously reviewed after-school assistance programs in that it included students who were not at ris k for school failure. All fourth-grade students in three participating schools were engaged in the project, with students randomly assigned to treatment (Homework Project) and non-treatment after homogenizing them into high, medium, and low achievement groups at school. Students were also match on the basis of ethnicity and English proficiency, with equal numbers assigned to the homework project and to the non-treatment control group. The program was designed to provide students with homework assistance and to help them learn study skills. Students attended the program 2-3 times a week over a period of 3 years (Grades 4-6) although during the specified time the lack of attendance of some members in the treatment group was observed. All students in the Homework Project and the non-treatment control group were assessed at the beginning and end of each grade. Measures included students ratings of their impressions of school belonging, teacher ratings of student behavior, student grad es, and standardized test scores from the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT-9).At the end of sixth grade, teachers rated English language learner participants in the homework project higher in academic effort and study skills than English language learners in the control group. This was not the caseful for students who were proficient in English. That is, students with English proficiency in the treatment and control groups had similar teacher ratings and academic outcomes at the end of the 3-year project. Further, there was higher boilersuit attrition from the treatment group for English proficient students. It appeared that regular attendance in the Homework Project in fourth grade helped students develop study skills, which they were able to use in later years. This was supported by student interviews conducted as part of the process evaluation (Brown Herrity, 2001). In particular, the investigators found that students who benefited the most from the Project were those who learned to do homework right after coming home from school, while children who benefited least did not. For example, one child stated, Most of the time I come forth my homework right away (after school). I didnt do this in third grade. I guess I got in the habit from the Homework Project (Brown Herrity, 2001, p. 8). any(prenominal) other studies, reported on the low dropout rate of students in school by doing the extracurricular activities (Cooper, Valentine, Nye, Lindsey, 1999 Gerber, 1996 Jordan, 2000 Mahoney Cairns, 1997). These studies typically assessed involvement in non-academic activities, most of which occurred after school hours. Rather than divert students from meeting their academic goals, studies found that students engaged in extracurricular activitiesincluding sports, service clubs, and art activitieswere less likely to drop out (Mahoney Cairns, 1997) and more likely to have high academic achievement (Gerber, 1996).Of particular importance, students at risk for school f ailure appeared to benefit even more from participation in extracurricular activities than do children who were normal achievers. Most researchers believed that involvement in extracurricular activities had an indirect impact on achievement by increasing connectedness to the school and by helping to build student strengths, thereby increasing self-esteem and positive social networks. Mahoney and Cairns (1997) noted that while supportive academic programs focus on the deficits of students, involvement in high interest, non-academic activities provides a gateway into conventional social networks through the maintenance and enhancement of positive characteristics of the individual that strengthen the student-school connection (p. 248).2.2.1. Social Effect of Extracurricular ActivitiesWith regard to the importance of the extracurricular activities, a great body of research has been done to evaluate the social aspects of these activities on the development of students personal and inter personal characteristics and the ultimate result in language proficiency (Astin, 1985 Tinto, 1993 Pascarella Terenzini, 2005). somewhat researchers focused on the emotional side of extracurricular activities. One study found that adolescents who participated in extracurricular activities reported higher grades, more positive attitudes toward school, and higher academic aspirations (Darling, Caldwell, Smith, 2005). Darling, et al (2005) conducted a longitudinal study concerning extracurricular activities and their effect on various aspects of development, including academic performance. A survey containing a list of twenty different extracurricular activities was distributed to students they were asked to check which extracurricular activities they participated in that year. Demographic questions, such as their favorite activity, gender, and ethnicity were asked in order to take the social factors and influences into account when calculating the results. The students were also aske d what their academic goals were and their grade point average (GPA). The results indicated that the students who participated in school-based extracurricular activities had higher grades, higher academic aspirations, and better academic attitudes than those who were not involved in extracurricular activities at all.McNeal (1995) also attributed the low rate of school drop outs to the affective aspect of extracurricular activities. The outcome of his research was observed primarily among students who were at highest risk for dropout. The association between reduced rates of early school dropout and extracurricular involvement differed according to the competence of the individual. For students in the risk clusters, the associated reduction in dropout was stronger compared with more competent students. For students whose prior commitment to the school and its values had been marginal, such participation provided an opportunity to create a positive and voluntary connection to the educ ational institution. Unlike optional procedures (e.g., school dropout prevention programs, remedial education), which focused on the deficits of students, extracurricular activities can provide a path into the conventional social networks while, concurrently, promoting individual interests, achievements, and goals (Eder, 1985 Kinney, 1993 McNeal, 1995). Thus, school dropout could be effectively decreased through the maintenance and enhancement of positive characteristics of the individual which intensified the student-school connection.Kinney (1993) commented that the associated reduction in school dropout was greater during early high school. One explanation is that the increased diversity of activities offered in high school provided adolescents more opportunity for activity participation suited to their interest-ability (Kinney, 1993). The range of activities included in the domains that risk students most often participated (athletics, fine arts, and vocational) increased during high school, as did their participation in these areas. Also many activities highlighted in yearbooks required expertise in particular domains (e.g., music, sports, languages, mathematics, science), some school activities required minimal academic performance in order to be eligible for participation in them. Furthermore, socioeconomic status, although not a general barrier to participation, could influence the types of activities students would choose to participate and the attainment of status within those activities was crucial for students (Coleman, 1961, cited in Jordan, 2000). Thus, the effect could be stronger in high school because participation increases as a result of greater opportunity.In an exhaustive survey, Kinney (1993) referred to North American man secondary schools as unique educational places which offer a range of pursuits in classroom and beyond. In addition to offering a broad academic curriculum, middle schools and high schools encourage students to partic ipate in various extracurricular activities these include organized sports, special-interest academic pursuits, vocational clubs, supervised student government, newspaper publishers, yearbooks, and various other activities. Extracurricular activities differ from standard courses in American school because they are optional, ungraded, and are usually carried out outside the school day in school. The researcher mentioned that although these activities are extra to the curriculum, they are closely linked to academic achievement and performance (e.g., math club, French club, discipline honor society). He concluded that the participation in this kind of context would enhance learning instruction. For example, participation could raise an individuals status within the school, extend her or his social affiliations in the school community (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, Whalen, 1993 Eder, 1985 Eder Parker, 1987 Kinney, 1993), or enable both to occur. The impact would be to make school a mo re meaningful and attractive experience for students who have experienced few successes in academic subjects.An overview of the educational and psychological literature on the effects of extracurricular activities indicates, curiously, that only subtle attention has been given to the effects of extracurricular activities for marginal students (e.g., Brown, 1988 Holland Andre, 1987). In contrast, a large amount of work has concentrated on the role of extracurricular activities for the smartest and the most internal students. Specifically, (a) activities and positions of leadership may indicate only a small number of individuals (Brabd, 1987 Hollingshead, 1949, cited in Broh, 2002 Cooper, et al, 1999), (b) students of high socioeconomic class tend to report more engagement than lower class students and show greater leadership and talent within these activities (Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, Whalen, 1993 Hollingshead, 1949, in Broh, 2002), (c) girls tend to participate in more activi ties than boys (Coleman, 1961 Hollingshead, 1949 Jacobs Chase, 1989 all cited in Broh, 2002), (d) those individuals who participate in interesting activities tend to be popular with peers, are school leaders, and may be influential in conducting the status norms of the school social governing body (Coleman, 1961, cited in Broh, 2002 Eder, 1985 Eder Parker, 1987 Kinney, 1993), and (e) participation in academically linked activities is connected with somewhat higher levels of academic performance and educational attainment (Brown, Day Jones,1983 Marsh, 1992 McNeal, 1995 Shephard, 1996).Extracurricular activities also may facilitate the development of qualities such as determination and perseverance. Individuals with these characteristics may be less likely to surrender when they face challenging tasks at school, which also may explain the researchers found an association between extracurricular activities and school self-esteem (Marsh, 1992).2.2.2. Formal and Informal Extracurricu lar ActivitiesSome researchers have divided extracurricular activities into informal and formal activities. The formal activities include activities which are relatively structured, such as participating in athletics or learning to play a musical instrument. Informal activities, on the other hand, also known as leisure activities, include less structured activities, such as watching television. Some literature on leisure studies has suggested that formal and informal activity settings have different influences on motivation and feelings of competence (Guest Schneider, 2003). One study found that more time in leisure activities was related to poorer academic grades, poorer work habits, and poorer emotional adjustments, while more time in structured groups and less time watching TV were associated with higher test scores and school grades (Marsh Kleitman, 2002, p.5).Structured activities outside of school may also facilitate the development of social ties (Eccles Barber, 1999 Larso n, 1994). Time in organized activities, for example, may bring youth into contact with peers and adults who share their interests. Interactions with well-adjusted peers who share similar goals and aspirations, in turn, can motivate youth to do well in school and cause interest in future educational and occupational pursuits (Jordan Nettles, 2000).Jordan and Nettles (2000) also used broader conceptualizations of youths time outside of school among high school students and found that students who spent more time in structured activities (e.g., youth groups, sports) as well as students who spent more time alone in skill-building activities (e.g., computers, hobbies, reading) had higher math and science achievement.Schreiber and Chambers (2002) categorized adolescents after-school activities as in- or out-of school, academic or nonacademic, and organized or nonunionised. Focusing on results for ordinal grade African American adolescents, these researchers found that participation in out-of-school, nonacademic, organized activities (e.g., neighborhood clubs, nonschool team sports) was negatively related to math achievement, and participation in out-of-school, academic, unorganized activities (e.g., homework) was positively related to math achievement. These findings are consistent with theories about the benefits of participation in structured activities, which claim that such activities provide adolescents with opportunities to learn and develop skills (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 Larson Verma, 1999). In addition to specific skills, participating in sports and clubs may facilitate learning organizational, planning, and time management skills that are important for school success. Furthermore, participation may have implications for the self-system (Holland Andre, 1987). For example, participating on a sports team may promote self-confidence. Also students learn the attitude of respect toward their counterparts. They try to tie up their good school relationships and c ontinue their friendships outside of the context of school. The feeling of self efficacy can also be developed within individuals as they see themselves supporters of other baby buster students and the leaders of the groups. Leadership qualities are the special personal traits that their root can be strengthened within school days.2.2.3. Academic Extracurricular ActivitiesExtracurricular activities that focus on academic areas include the school newspaper, quiz team, science club, school government, and debate team or journalism club. Each of these activities promotes academic excellence and provides students with an opportunity to expand their content knowledge outside the classroom (Linder, 1999). While building leadership skills, students will also learn the advantages of technical writing, keeping and meeting deadlines and public speaking. Students will also have opportunities to broaden their content knowledge about unfamiliar subjects by conducting research in preparation for debates or academic competitions (Mahoney Cairns, 1997).Regarding the role of extracurricular activities for ESL/EFL students, Al-Ansari (2000) confirmed the previous research thatsheltered curricular exposure to the target language through English-medium instruction would seem intuitively to be a qualitatively different and potentialityly much richer source of intake than other, less sheltered kinds of exposure, in particular as far as the development of academic proficiency in the target language is concerned (Krashen 1982 Wigzell 1983 Wesche Ready 1985). ).In order to verify this impression, Al-Ansari (2000) carried out a study in a sample of Bahraini university students.He gave the students two types of questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was designed to measure the amount of extra-curricular contact and the second part the amount of curricular contact through English-medium instruction in subjects other than English language.For the first part of the questio nnaire, a set of questions, each with three alternative responses, was formulated to measure the frequency/duration of each of the modes of contact Extra-curricular listening activities included watching English videos, films and TV shows, listening to English programs on the radio. Listening activities consisted of both academic and nonacademic extracurricular activities. The next course of instruction was out-of-class speaking activities with various categories of competent English speakers such as parents, teachers, fellow-students and others, both on and off campus. Like the previous sept, this one also included both academic and nonacademic extracurricular activities. The third classification was reading activities involving different kinds of reading materials in English such as newspapers and magazines, stories, non-fictional material other than course-related material. The focus of this category was mainly nonacademic materials. Next item was social interaction with the ta rget language community within Bahrain in places such as home, in clubs, recreation centers and other locations. Here the emphasis was mostly on nonacademic activities. The next part of the questionnaire belonged to questions regarding contact hours of English-medium instruction per week.The findings with regard to extra-curricular contact had different implications for different categories of learners.As far as the average achievers were concerned, the implications were clearin order to improve their proficiency level, they need to be more engaged in various extra-curricular activities in the target language, especially listening and speaking activities.The results obtained for high achievers and underachievers, however, suggested that contact with the language outside the classroom was not a solution that would guarantee further linguistic development at all levels of attainment.With regard to the underachievers or false beginners, the findings were consistent with two possible in ferenceseither their level of proficiency was too low for them to derive any benefit from the kind of extra-curricular exposure they got to the language, which would suggest that much of the input they received was largely incomprehensible, or they did not have the necessary cognitive and verbal characteristics to derive the kind of benefit from their exposure that would be reflected in higher scores in an academically biased proficiency testMuch of what has emerged from the Al-Ansaris (2000) study supported Krashens (1982) views. underlying to his main thesis is the claim that certain linguistic environments and certain kinds of linguistic activity are a richer source of intake than others.This claim was proved by Al-Ansaris (2000) findings, which presented that sheltered curricular exposure correlates more consistently with attained levels of proficiency than unsheltered extra-curricular exposure.In another study, Dheram and Rani (2007) carried out a study on how the newspaper as an academic extracurricular activity could be used for promoting learner autonomy in an international classroom with varying levels of English proficiency. It highlighted how the authentic use of the language helped the ESL/EFL teacher turn the newspaper into a powerful tool for encouraging reflections on its relevance to language learning. Similarly, the activities demonstrated how the students imaginative and creative potential could be used for

Facts About Burger King Holdings Marketing Essay

Facts About Burger great world causality Holdings Marketing EssayBurger King (BK) is the second largest riotous food hamburger consume house (FFHR) in the population with operations in 74 different countries. Its major competitors are McDonalds, Subway and Yum Brands. BK was ranked among Americas 1,000 largest corporations by Fortune Magazine in 2008. Further, Burger King is listed among single of the Top 100 Best Global Brands.HistoryThe history of the brand Burger King refers to 1959, when J, M and D.Edg purchased the upstanding from the original founders. Company was run as an fissiparous entity for eight classs, eventually expanding to over 250 locations in the United States, just in 1967 due to some reasons, baking giant Pillsbury repurchased Burger King. In 1978, when McDonalds executive Donald N. Smith came to speed the confederation BKC was prominantly modificated in terms of its franchise agreements, st grazegy, menu, and restraunt look out. But Poor operating p erformance and ineffective leadership weight down the come with during legion(predicate) years, even by and by Diageo, the global alcoholic beverages company baught Burger King in 1989. Eventually, Diageo damaged the company by neglecting the brand, and major franchises were driven out of lineage and its essence value was significantly decreased. In 2002 Diageo divested itself of the money-losing business and sold Burger King to a group of investment firms lead by TPG pileus. After this acquisition, many positive changes started to as genuine to Burger King. One of the major issues was offset printing public offering in 2006, which was gameyly succefful. But there were some gunpoints on Burger King reputation. The case of unsauccessful long horse Double campaign, which promoted $1 burgers, provoking the lawsuits from franchi ascertains, unhappy with selling at a price pocket-sizeer than production costs. Those events somehow were reflected on the BKC post behavior. By t he era the ordinary stock of Burger King was selling at $16 per share, another interesting and extremely unexpected thing shocked the global business community.On September 2, 2010, a Brazailian company 3G Capital Management LLC. Announced decision to acquire all the stocks of Burger King for $24.00 per share, or $3.26 billion in aggregate including Burger Kings prominent debt. As the purpose of this report is to analyse the current state of the company and give recommendation upon this recent transaction, further in this paper we will dress whether it was good or bad acquisition.Key People of Burger KingJohn Chidsey, Ex-CEO, currently is a Co-Chairman of the Board BK Inc. He joined Burger King bow window as an Executive Vice President and the Chief Administrative and Financial Officer in March 2004. In fact, his effective leadership and st valuategic panorama brought company to a quite successful level of performance. His wide range of responsibilities acknowledged monitorin g franchise and company operations, finance, corporate strategic planning, and oversight of the one-year budget, the information technology function, luck management, and corporate procurement, as well as the Franchise Financial Restructuring Program (FFRP). Mr. Chidsey obtained Doctor of Jurisprudence and MBA from Emory University. Therefore his academic land in law and business, overall professional skills and previous experience bring unprecedented value to the company. As from the recent news, John Chidsey is overtaking to resign from the dialog box and will be employed with BKC until the April 18, 2011.Ben Wells CFO and Treasurer of Burger King, who has more than 25 years of experience in financa. He repots directly to CEO and proves himself as a key member of the executive leadership team. Before joining BKC he held a position of vice president and corporate treasurer at Compaq Computer Corporation, when he successfully led the finance team in stabilizing finance and acco unting operations.He also was employed by such notable corporation as British Petroleum and Hewlett Packard. Possessing degree in frugals and business administration (University of Missouri, Texas AM University, Canisius College), he is capabable for building a world-class exchequer organization and developing capital structure and happen management programs for the global organization.Alexander Behring Co-Chairman of the Board BK Inc. and Managing Partner of 3G Capital Management LLC. Experienced organise and successful private fair play manager, he is the one, who was butt end the $4bn takeover of BKC. Becoming one of the inflluential investors of Brazil, he started and lead America Latina Logistica, the biggest railroad and logistics corporation in Latin America. Mr. Behring holds MBA from Harvard Business School and Bachelors Degree from Pontifcia Universidade Catlica do Rio de Janeiro.Bernardo Hees new CEO of Burger King Inc., since September 2010. Previously, he was Ch ief Executive Officer of America Latina Logistica (ALL), as a successor of Alexander Behring, since January 2005 and served on its Board of Directors. B. Hees is an experienced executive with an impressive track record of enhancing performance, managing a team that drove strong gains in both revenues and profitability. He obtained MBA from the University of Warwick and passed Owners-Presidents Management program at Harvard Business School. According to his sound resume and reputation, he can be fairly considered as an glorious steward of the Burger King brand, inspired by the intention to take company to the sideline level of competition in the U.S. and worldwide.Business Model of Burger KingA business model is a plan implemented by a company to generate revenues and make profits from the operations it performs. (Investopedia, n.d.). Burger King uses the franchise business model to generate profits. Under the franchise arrangement, the franchisees invest in the equipment, signage , seating, and decor of the restaurant, while the company owns or leases the land and building. The company generates revenues mainly from three sources gross sales at the company restaurants, royalties and franchise fees, and property income from certain franchise restaurants that lease or sub-lease property from the company (Datamonitor, 2010).Resources of the CompanyReagrding the resources available for sustainable comptitive advantage, those resources are sort out into tanbgible and intangible. As Burger King is a well-establiched global corporation, it has formulated very strong basis for its worldwide operations. In fact, despite of performing in the fast paced indutsry and veneering the fortune of once to become unclaimed due to un brawny food provision, as consumers may change their preferences, BKC definitely creates a unique line of products. For instance, renowned Whopper sandwich, CroissanWich, flame-broiled hamburgers and etc. Burger King proves itself as genuinly global company by localization of products versions by adding ingredients such as teriyaki or beetroot and fried ballock to the Whopper beer in Germany, Italy and Spain and halal or kosher products in the Middle East and Israel. They property counts for most 12 000 restaurants worldwide, of which 60% is concentrated in US and Canada, and 40% is world(prenominal)ly spread.Regards the intangible assets, highly quilified and experienced executive management team is a great value to Burger King, promising effective operations and high and stalls earnings fruit. While globally recognised brand Burger King is another powerful asset to corporation, as well as reputation and products assocated with it. And last, but not the list is the Knowledge, which mainly brought the Burger King fame for its products. They definitely possess unique production technology, which is uniformly updated and successfully implemented.Strategy psycho epitomeBusiness Strategy digestFrom pdfBusiness Strat egy Analysis helps us evaluate the sustainability of the firm. BK strives to implement the following elements into its business strategy in fix to get under ones skin.Further drive sales turn outth BK is attempting to increase sales growth by enhancing guest experience, expanding hours of operations and emphasizing on restaurant reimaging program. All this is expected to result in higher sales and traffic in these restaurants and yield strong cash on cash returns.Enhance restaurant profitability BK endeavours to enhance restaurant profitability by leveraging their fixed cost structure by introducing higher margin products and creating efficiencies through improved speed of service and equipment. Further, BK utilizes martplace based pricing model to achieve optimal pricing in the highly competitive food trade environment, thus making it a food market follower. engross innovative marketing strategies and offer superior value and quality BK employs innovative and creative market ing strategies to increase their restaurant traffic and comparable sales. BKs whooper has been one of the best known products in the fast food industry. In addition, BK has also launched AngryWooperTM sandwhich, BK Burger Shots and BK Breakfast ShotsTM in the U.S., the King DealsTM in Germany, the U.K. and Spain and the Come Como ReyTM (Eat Like a King) every day value menu in Mexico. Further, their advertisement campaigns dupe always created a buzz and improved their visibleness in the market.Expand our large international platform Presently, BK is concentrated in the US and Canadian markets only, therefore they have a significant growth potential in international arena. BK has realized this and has developed a detailed global development plan to accelerate growth over the next few years. However, entering into international markets is tough because McDonalds al coiffe has its presence in almost all countries of the world. Further, BK fails to mention the strategy with which the y plan to enter international markets. This maybe because they do not want to divulge their strategy to their competitors, or because they do not have a strategy which can provide them a competitive advantage over McDonalds.Use proactive portfolio management to drive growth BK intends to use proactive portfolio management to drive growth and perfect their Company restaurant portfolio and franchisee participation in new and alive markets, while maintaining our 90/10 franchise to Company restaurant ownership mix. Between April 2008 and may 2009, BK acquired 128 new restaurants in parts US and sold 39 Company restaurants to new and alert franchisee. In addition, they closed under-performing restaurants in UK and sold certain Company restaurants in Germany and Canada to their local franchisees.Thus, the business strategy tensiones on driving sales in existing markets and striving for presence in international market. However, almost all quick service restaurants that strive for gre ater profitability follow a similar strategy. If BK wishes to have a greater market presence, hence it has to keep coming up with new, innovative, and creative products and marketing campaigns as these are the only ways by which they can differentiate their brand.Further, we carried out the industry analysis (See Appendix X), and found that per se the industry has a good market potential. Moreover, as the global economic environment improves the industry would again be moneymaking as the consumers would again become price insensitive and companies coming up with new, innovative and affordable menus would have more power than the buyers and suppliers. In addition, the industry is fancy to increase by 19.2 % till 2014 and there is a growing demand of fast-food in the emerging markets like India, China, and Indonesia etc. Therefore, the industry has good future prospects if tapped in an appropriate manner.Based on the SWOT analysis (see Appendix X1), it can be discerned that the com pany understands that the only way to increase its profitability is through constant innovation and expansion into new international market and given the brand reputation, the franchise mix and robust pecuniary performance, we think the company has the capability to grow profitably in the future.5. VALUATIONThe value of any security is determined by its quality and profit potential. The economic environment and industry in which firm operates also have inevitable electrical shock. Hence, we valued of BKC by incorporating these factors into the analysis of BKCs stock value.It is well known that it is very subjective to valuate any company and its stock as the market is changing constantly and the market price heavily depends on peoples expectations and feelings. The good example might be Burger Kings market price that soared from $16.77 to $13.64 after the acquisition announcement http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Burger_King_Holdings_(BKC)/WikiChart (Appendix H). Most analysts use va rious e paygrade models to calculate whether a stock is overvalued or undervalued. Those models are just generally accredited ways of assessing a companys stock and make a recommendation. Thus, analysts should not rely on the results of these models only but also take into consideration performance of existing competitors. Using comparables, i.e. ratios of identical companies and their financial performance indicators, as an addition to the valuation analysis should give a better understanding of company health and what it stands for in the market. For that reason, we have implemented several valuation models, including Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Market premium (MP) and difference Earnings Model (RE), and compared BKCs performance to its major competitor McDonalds victimisation financial ratios. It should be far-famed that for the sake of comparison, we have taken the financial data available at the end of fiscal years for BKC and McDonalds i.e. June 30th, 2010 and December 31st, 2010, respectively. Further, the spot stock prices are taken as of June 30th, 2010.5.1 PerformanceI THINK PERFORMANCE SHOULD GO IN HERE5.2 Dividend Discount ModelStarting from year 2006, when Burger King was first listed on the New-York Stock Exchange, the company has paid the fixed dividend of $0.251per share per year (Appendix A). Therefore, we do not expect any future dividend growth and assume slide fastener growth for DDM valuation model. For simplicity, we use DDM-perpetuity and take undeniable rate of return (k) as a discounting factor (r).Therefore, V = D/r (1)According to The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), required rate of return (k) is calculated as followsk = rf + B(rm rf) .. (2)where, rf = risk-free rate,B = beta,(rm rf) = market risk premiumWe have employ risk-free rate of 2.92% from company report (Burger King Holdings, 2010, p.87), company beta of 0.80 was taken from on-line source (ADVFN, 2011) and market risk premium 6.75% from Journal of Financial Economics, which is a bit outdated but we believe that this type of market is even riskier therefore it was 10 years ago (Fama, 1997, p.172).Substituting the values in comparison 2, we getk = 2.92% + 0.80*6.75% = 8.32%As mentioned before, since r = k, substituting the value of r in equation 1, we getV= 0.25/0.0832 = $3.00 (The value of BKCs share)However, as of June 30th, 2010 market share price of BKC was $16.84/share (Wikinvest, 2011).Further, in order to assess our valuation, we valued the share price of McDonalds share and got a valuation of $36.28 (for calculations, see Appendix G). However, as of June 30th, 2010 the share price is $65.87.As, McDonalds is more popular brand than BK, and its stock price is in two ways as high as the valuation figure, whereas BK King is way behind McDonalds but its price is five times higher than the calculated value. To investigate the reliability of this result we calculate the market premium of the BKs share.5.3 Market Premium ModelThe me asure of stockholders integrity on the balance sheet typically does not reflect the intrinsic value of what the equity is worth (Penman, 2003). There is a definition of intrinsic value which states that it is the actual value of a company or an asset based on an fundamental perception of its true value including all aspects of the business, in terms of both tangible and intangible factors. This value may or may not be the same as the current market value (Investopedia, 2011). For that reason it is meaningful to see what extra price, or premium, the market pays for a particular security.In order to calculate market premium we use the formula (Penman, 2003)Market Premium = Market Value of Equity hand Value of Equity.. (3)Calculating the market value of BKC as of June 30, 2010,Market Value = Price per share*Shares Outstanding . (4)= $16.84*135.4m=$2,280.136mThe agree Value of BKC = Total Shareholders Equity = $1,128.4m (Appendix C).Therefore, Market Premium = $1,151.736m.With Shar es Outstanding = 135.4m, the Book Value per Share (BVPS) = $8.33 and Premium = $8.51. Indeed, the premium constitutes 102% over the book value. As compared to McDonalds, with 1,072m shares outstanding (Appendix D), McDonalds has a BVPS of $12.25 and the premium of $53.62, which is 438% higher than its book value.Thus, we may conclude that market is ready to pay quadruple premium for MCD, which indicates a great brand awareness and customer loyalty however, they are still ready to pay twice for BKCs shares, which is a good sign for the stock evaluation.5.4 Residual Earnings ModelThe residual earnings model relies on book value, which represents shareholders investments into the firm and measures value added to the investments. In other words, the book value of equity is taken and discounted back potential abnormal earnings are added to it. These earnings are returns to shareholders above their required rate of return. These earnings are important because otherwise the shareholders wo uld have no objective to invest into the company if it break-evens at the minimum rate of return (Penman, 2003).Value = Book value + Premium . (5)orValue of car park equity (VE0) = B0 + RE1/re (6)where, re = required rate of return,RE = Residual Earnings for EquityNow,Residual Earnings = Comprehensive Earnings (Required Return for Equity * Beginning-of-Period Book Value) .. (7)BK reported $165.8 million of comprehensive income on June 30, 2010 (Appendix B) on book value of $974.8 million. If BKs shareholders required a return of 8.32% in June, 2010 then its 2010 residual earnings wereResidual Earnings = $165.8 (8.32%*$974.8) = $84.70 millionThe very existence of the residual earnings gives us a sign that Burger King is a good investment to get extra return on invested funds.Further, substitutiting the values in equation 7, we getValue of common equity (VE0) = $974.8 + $84.70/.0832 = $1,992.83 millionVE0/share = $1,992.83/135.4 = $14.72Assuming that RE remain unchanged (g=0%), th en the calculated the intrinsic value of BKs share of $14.72 is close to market price of $16.84. Obviously, market was aware of the existing premium and recognized it by setting market price at that level.5.5 SummaryThe three valuation models have revealed Burger Kings financial performance from different angles. For the reason that todays market is different from yesterdays, the DDM model is not really appropriate for security valuation, because contemporary market is mature and, as we have observed, dividends do not grow along with growing earnings as used to be in the past. However, this model was implemented just to see the consistency and get a better understanding of the value of the stock. The market premium model gave us a good sense of what market is ready to pay for the BKs share and McDonalds share. Further, the residual earnings model is said to be more reliable as compared to the other two models because it uses book value of the equity as well as market premium model. Overall, it can be seen that BK per se has performed well in the market however it has been far behind its main competitor McDonalds.6. RISKSBurger King is exposed to a variety of risks (3G Capital, 2011). The most prominent and important risks come from internal characteristics of the firm and market-determined factors.Internal characteristics of the firm includeBusiness risk This risk might renegade as a result of decreasing demand due to changes in consumer preferences, possible suppliers delays or unseemly economic conditions. Also, the business model is based on franchising contracts, so franchisees financial strengths and ability to manage increasing costs is also subject of risk.Financial risk BK has long-term and short-term debt outstanding, so it should have enough operating cash to meet these obligations. According to the notes to companys financial statements, BK uses derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts, which imply a higher risk exposure.Legal risk As every food company, BK is in charge of risk related to food safety and toys as promotional instruments in their restaurants, as well as any legal judgments and pressures from competitors. artless risk / Exchange rate risk BK is an international company, therefore fluctuations in foreign currencies and adverse government regulations create substantial risk exposure. personality risk Customers in FFHR industry are very sensitive to the reputation and brand awareness of the company.Market-determined factors includeSystematic risk This is an unmanageable risk, which can arise as a result of recessions and wars.Analyzing the risk associated with the functioning of the company, it can be discerned that BK acknowledges that there are some risks associated with the business. And therefore, has some measures such as following a market based pricing model, development trusted suppliers, etc. for overcoming these risks (Annual report, 2010). Further, BK is still vulnerable to the unknown risks such as exchange rate risks and systemic risks. However, these risks are faced by all companies. It is just a matter of the way in which they respond to these risks that determines how they fair in the market. As for BK, the impact of the systemic risk is has been high as compared to its competitor McDonalds (Datamonitor, 2010). However, they have realized this and have tried to overcome these setbacks by implementing promotional, other price discounting actions, and closing non-profitable company restaurants. (Annual report, 2010)7. CONCLUSIONBased on our analysis of companys background, strategy and people, as well as industry analysis and financial performance valuation we discern that the financial performance of BK was stable and improving during last five year, and the valuation revealed that the market believes that Burger Kings stock is worth investing. Therefore, we can conclude that the company is financially healthy and hence the acq uirer, 3G Capital, made a good decision. However, because the new management does not have any experience in the food industry and adding to this the current economic situation, Burger King might be in a vulnerable position right now. Further, in the industry analysis, on one hand, there was a scourge of customers switching to the healthier options, which might imply a risky acquisition decision by 3G Capital. And on the other hand, there was a positive vista towards the quick service restaurant industry, which is expected to grow at a rate of 3% per year. Analyzing the annual report of BK, we realized that BK is aware of these issues and has been nerve-wracking to improve them by introducing healthier meals and innovative marketing campaigns. Moreover, the strategy of the company is very ambiguous. The strategies and goals of BK are very generalist and unclear how the management is going to achieve these. However, the new management might set a new and a sound strategy and provi de necessary resources for achieving it. In conclusion, in frail of the business strategy and the comparison of the performance of the company with its competitiors , we think that the BKs acquisition was hugely overvalued. However, because of the stable financial performance and positive industry outlook it was a good acquisition and if the new management is able to tap the potential in the existing and new markets in a appropriate manner then the companys growth potential is huge.PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ADD/AMEND SOMETHING IN CONCLUSIONAPPENDIX AConsolidated Statement of Income Burger King bug Burger King Holding, Inc. organise 10-K, 2010APPENDIX BConsolidated Statement of Stockholders Equity Burger KingSource Burger King Holding, Inc. Form 10-K, 2010APPENDIX CConsolidated Balance Sheet Burger KingSource Burger King Holding, Inc. Form 10-K, 2010APPENDIX DConsolidated Statement of Income -McDonaldsSource McDonalds Corporation, Form 10-K, 2010APPENDIX EConsolidated Statement of Sto ckholders Equity -McDonaldsSource McDonalds Corporation, Form 10-K, 2010APPENDIX FConsolidated Balance Sheet -McDonaldsSource McDonalds Corporation, Form 10-K, 2010APPENDIX GDividend Discount Model McDonaldsFor valuation of McDonalds share, we have used the same risk-free rate of 2.92% and market risk premium of 6.75%, company beta of 0.49 was taken from the same on-line source (ADVFN, 2011).Substituting the values in equation 2, we getk = 2.92%+ 0.49*6.75% = 6.23%.The dividend per share was virtually stable therefore we took the figure of $2.26 per share, as of 2010.As, r = k, substituting the value of r in equation 1, we getV = 2.26/0.0623 = $36.28Therefore, as of June 30th, 2010 market share price of MCD was valued using the DDM model as $36.28, whereas the spot share price was $65.87 per share.It should be noted that for the valuations using the DDM model, we take the same risk-free rate and market risk premium, because companies are competing in the same industry, however beta is different because MCD is more stable than BKC which is why the risk of volatility is lower.McDonalds price historySource Morningstar investment research, 2011APPENDIX HPrice History -Burger KingSource Wikinvest, 2011Industry Analysis Using the Porters Five Forces Model (Datamonitor, Industry analysis)Porters five forces model helps in analysing the profit potential of an industry which would eventually help in determining a firms chances of generating long-term profits. (book)Bargaining power of buyers The economic recession has strengthened the buyer power as the industry players try to secure price sensitive consumers using competitive pricing strategies. However, due to the sheer convenience of having fast-food makes fast-food more important to the consumer than a simple source of food. Therefore, the buyer power is assessed to be moderate.Bargaining power of suppliers For a fast food company to make profits, it is vital that the company has reliable suppliers that offer food of marketable quality and at a low margin. However, a large number of these suppliers serve other kinds of foodservice and cost service customers, thereby decreasing their dependence on fast food players. Therefore, the supplier power is considered to be moderate.Threat of new entrants As large capital reserves are not required for setting up a single, independent fast food outlet, the entry into the global fast food market is easy. However, to build a global brand requires precise market knowledge, an excellent management team, and an estimable brand reputation, therefore the threat from new entrants is assessed to be moderate.Threat of substitute products The substitutes for fast-food include other forms of profit foodservice and also food retail (ready meals or ingredients for property cooking). However, these are considered to be unhealthy and take time in preparing, whereas convenience and availability are considered to be the main drivers for choosing fast-food. Therefore, the threat of substitutes is assessed to be moderate.Rivalry among existing firms Rivalry in the fast-food industry is considered to be intense as the fast food markets can be very concentrated. The burger segment is close to being a Burger-King/ McDonalds duopoly. Further, prices especially of value meals and brand power form the greatest sources of competition in the fast-food market.SWOT AnalysisThe SWOT analysis helps us determine a companys strengths and weaknesses, and then helps us evaluate whether the company has the ability to effectively exploit its opportunities and overcome its threats.Adapted from (Datamonitor, 2010)Strong market position and brand equityBK enjoys a strong market position and possesses an established brand reputation. This has enabled it to gain economies of scale, increase its bargaining power, and enter international markets. (Datamonitor, 2010)High franchise mixThe company has franchise stores and company restaurants in the ratio of 90-10. This resta urant ownership mix provides BK with a strategic advantage as the capital required to grow and maintain the BK system is funded primarily by franchisees, while the Company restaurants give it a sizeable base to demonstrate credibility. (pdf)Innovative marketing campaigns and advert to provide greater visibilityBK uses innovative marketing, advertising and sponsorships to drive sales and generate restaurant traffic. The main target market of BK is the 18-35 year old male with a love of fast food. (Datamotiner, BKcase study). Therefore, its advertisements are made to appeal to this segment. Further, BKs advertisements campaigns such as Whopper Sacrifice campaign and Cheat on beef campaign help the company gain better visibility which helps it to have an impact on the revenue generating capacity.WeaknessesDeclining comparable sales growthBK saw a decline in its comparable sales growth in 2009. This was mainly because of continued adverse macroeconomic conditions, higher unemployment, more customers eating at home, and heavy discounting by other restaurant chains. This only means that the management has to focus on various product offerings that cater to the value conscious(p) customers during times of poor economic conditions.Concentrated operations-in terms of geographic presence and dependence on selected distributors increases business risksAlthough BKC operates in 74 countries, its operations are heavily concentrated in the US. Approximately 61% of its restaurants are located in the US. US and Canada account for about 68.7% of the total revenues, whereas BKCs competitor McDonalds generates only 35% of its total revenues from US. Concentrated operations increase the business risk of the company and impact its results of operations and thus its financial condition.OpportunitiesExpansion in existing and new marketsBKC should focus on expanding into existing and new markets and the company has taken steps to expand into international markets. 2009 saw a 28% ris e in new restaurants in international markets. The company also entered two new in

Comparing Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay -- Compare Contrast Comparis

In their works Let Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan and Leave Marriage Alone, by William Bennett, they some(prenominal) talk about the subject of same sex marriages. They some(prenominal) believe that marriage is based off of tradition. However, they debate on if these marriages should be allowed and if they argon proper. Sullivan goes on to prove he believes same sex marriages are proper because traditionally it is based off of the principle of whop. Bennett proves his point by saying that the conventional ways are the tradition. Andrew Sullivan says that love is the reason throng marry one another. No matter the race, creed, or gender love is a strong bond that a couple of(prenominal) people are lucky enough to find. (Sullivan p.25) This country believes in equal rights and opportunities. With this being true all people should be able to choose whom they love and get to marry. Homosexuals do not seek special treatment but an equal and full part in America. (Sullivan p. 25) In a society that ever so talks of equal rights and opportunity, is it right for the country to condemn these people because they are different in their beliefs of sexuality? One of the conventional ideas as to why people of opposite sex marry is because of procreation. What about all of the married couples who do not have children? Should they not be able to be married? (Sullivan p. 26) Sullivan says that all over the years the definition of marriage has changed several times. It has been amended or changed to the times. Women in the marriage were once legal property to their husbands, and at one time totally people of the same race could marry. (Sullivan p. 26) Should this instance be any different? In his essay, Leave Marriage Alone, Bennett states that marriage is a sacred trad... ...adition. The authors both protest on what tradition is but they believe that the contract of marriage is based on tradition. Everyone has the right and freedoms to do what he o r she pleases. However, there are boundaries. Tolerations for groups are one of the great things this country offers as opposed to other countries. How the judgment of a 4,000 year old tradition versus the tradition of marrying for love is ruled, the country provide have to wait. No special treatment is expected or wanted. Equality for all is what is being asked for here. To honor tradition and follow the heart is all that both sides want. Works CitedGruber, Sibylle, ed. Constructing Others Constructing Ourselves. Dubuque Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2002. Sullivan, Andrew. Let Gays Marry. Gruber 25-26 Bennett, William. Leave Marriage Alone. Gruber 29-30

Alcohol Consumption :: Health Alcohol Drinking Essays

Alcohol Consumption As we discussed in class, there is a concept that each separate has more than maven self. An individual has both a physical self and a mental or emotional self. I volition give you an example to illustrate this concept. some people who wake up to an alarm in the morning often find it very difficult to get themselves out of bed. They may know that they give be late for class or for work if they stay in bed but their bodies ar in need of more sleep. This is an example of a conflict between the both selves. Although there are arguably two selves, they are actually both rooted in the physical. As a declaration, a chemical change in the soundbox can result in a significant change in the mental/emotional self. Specifically, I will explore how the effects of alcohol consumption can significantly impact ones choices, how causing a physical change by choice can puzzle out a person mentally. The experiment that I designed following the Time to Think? lab heightened my interest on how alcohol consumption effects the body and the brain. As I looked into research about alcohol consumption I visited the websites for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the American health check Association under the assumption that they would provide a significant amount of research regarding the biological effects of alcohol consumption. I actually found a much larger concentration of material covering the dangerous and/or self-destructive actions taken when under the influence of alcohol, specifically as a result of binge drinking. Still, I will begin my discussing the basic biology of what takes place as a result of alcohol consumption. So, whats happening to ones brain as an individual consumes more and more alcohol? If one drinks two drinks in one hour or one reaches a blood alcohol level of .02 - .06% the railroad tie area of the cerebrum is progressively affected. This impairs ones ability to reason as well his/her jud gement. Symptoms include dizziness, less inhibited behavior, overestimation of skills, and slower reaction time. After consuming two to three drinks in one hour or one reaches a blood alcohol level of .6 - .10% most of the cerebrum is progressively affected. The ability to reason, judgement, ones senses, merit, coordination, vision, and speech are all functions that are affected and/or impaired.

DNA Fingerprinting :: Technology, Science

desoxyribonucleic acid FingerprintingIt is widely known that each individual has a DNA profile as unique as a fingerprint. Actually, over 99% of all 3 billion nucleotides in human DNA which we inherit from each p bent are identical among all individuals. However, for every 1000 nucleotides that we inherit there is 1 site of variation or polymorphism, in the population. These      DNA polymorphisms change the length of the DNA fragments produced by the digestion of restriction enzymes . The resulting fragments are called restriction fragments length polymorphisms. Gel electrophoresis can be used to separate and determine the size of the RFLPs. The exact telephone number and size of fragments produced by a specific restriction enzyme digestion varies from individual to individual.      DNA fingerprinting has proved valuable, not only for convicting felons and exonerating the innocent, but also for establishing maternity or paternity and proving family relationships. More exotic uses include the identification of missing children in Argentina, soldiers killed in war, and even the body of Nazi physician Joseph Mengele, the so-called "Angel of Death."The elan it started          The fundamental techniques involved in genetic fingerprinting were discovered serendipitously in 1984 by geneticist Alec J. Jeffreys of the University of Leicester in Great Britain while he was studying the gene for myoglobin, a protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells. He found that the myoglobin gene contains many segments that vary in size and composition from individual to individual and that have no apparent function. Jeffrey called these segments minisatellites because they were small and they surround the part of the gene that actually serves as a genetic bluprint.

Poseidon :: essays research papers

Poseidon is a god of many names. He is most celebrated as the god of the sea. The son of Cronus and Rhea, Poseidon is one of six siblings who eventually "divided the power of the world." His brothers and sisters include Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and genus genus Zeus. The division of the universe come to him and his brothers, Zeus and Hades. Poseidon became ruler of the sea, Zeus ruled the sky, and Hades got the underworld. The other divinities attributed to Poseidon involve the god of earthquakes and the god of horses. The symbols associated with Poseidon include dolphins, tridents, and three-pronged fish spears. Poseidon was relied upon by sailors for a safe voyage on the sea. Many custody drowned horses in sacrifice of his honor. He lived on the ocean floor in a palace made of coral and gems, and drove a chariot pulled by horses. However, Poseidon was a very moody divinity, and his temperament could sometimes result in violence. When he was in a good mood, Poseidon created new lands in the water and a calm sea. In contrast, when he was in a bad mood, Poseidon would strike the ground with a trident and cause unruly springs and earthquakes, ship wrecks, and drownings. Poseidon was similar to his brother Zeus in exerting his power on women and in objectifying masculinity. He had many slam affairs and fathered numerous children. Poseidon once married a Nereid, Amphitrite, and produced Triton who was half-human and half-fish. He similarly impregnated the Gorgon Medusa to conceive Chrysaor and Pegasus, the flying horse. The rape of Aethra by Poseidon resulted in the birth of Theseus and he turned Caeneus into a man, at her request, after raping her. Another rape involved Amymone when she tried to escape from a satyr and Poseidon saved her. Other offspring of Poseidon include Eumolpus, the Giant Sinis, Polyphemus, Orion, King Amycus, Proteus, Agenor and Belus from Europa, Pelias, and the King of Egypt, Busiris. One of the most notorious love affair s of Poseidon involves his sister, Demeter. Poseidon pursued Demeter and to avoid him she turned herself into a mare. In his lust for her, Poseidon transformed himself into a stallion and captured her. Their procreation resulted in a horse, Arion. Poseidon is Greek for " preserve" (possibly of wheat), and therefore it is thought that he and Demeter (goddess of wheat) are a good match because they reign as the god and goddess of fertility.

Saving Private Ryan Historical Review Essay -- essays research papers

Saving Private RyanI chose Saving Private Ryan, the 1998 movie directed by Steven Spielberg about the invasion at Normandy and a special mission that follows, as the topic of my paper. The mission is for eight men to go behind enemy lines and rescue a soldier whos brothers wealthy person died in battle and bring him back.The movie starts with the D-Day invasion at Normandy Beach, a very tragic and great day at the same time. Allied man were being shot the second the landing vehicles opened, mortars were dropping all over, there was no cover, and those who sought refuge in the water were drowned by the weight of their equipment. As all of this happens, we follow members of one unit as they struggle to make their way on shore. Bodies be dropping everywhere, the wounded are piling up, and things are looking down. After intense battle and effort, however, the Allied forces finally take the beach, but not without a high cost of life. From what I know and fix heard about the D-Day inv asion, the movie was very accurate on its portrayal of the attack. The action was so intense at the movie theater I first saw it in that a veteran got up and left for a while because he was crying so bad. I later embed out that he had actually been there and that seeing it so vividly on screen had brought back too many bad memories. If that doesnt transmit realism, I dont know what does. ...