Business Essays MBA Strategic Planning

Business Essays MBA Strategic Planning MBA Strategic Planning Essential Concepts of Strategic Planning The CEO at that point requested that you clarify the fundamental idea of vital business arranging and how it would help improve execution at Lawrence? To the inquiries presented by the CEO I would reply: Strategic arranging procedure can be summarized by responding to three inquiries: Where are we now? Where would we like to go? furthermore, How would we arrive? The essential ideas of key arranging are best portrayed by de Kluyver and Pearce in the book Strategy: A view from the top. The writers compose â€Å"Strategy is tied in with situating an association for upper hand. It includes settling on decisions about which businesses to take an interest in, what items or administrations to offer, and how to distribute corporate assets. Its essential objective is to make an incentive for investors and different partners by giving client value†. (de Kluyver and Pearce, 2006, p. 1) The fundamental vital arranging process includes setting up a crucial, current situational investigation, formal methodology plan, procedure usage, and setting up quantifiable control frameworks to screen the business. This essential vital arranging process is progressively appropriate at the specialty unit level, for example, the Home Appliances; Electrical Equipment; Industrial Tools; Agricultural Equipment; Automotive Parts; and Financial Services specialty units previously settled at Lawrence Manufacturing Corporation. Progressively nitty gritty ways to deal with system incorporate the more up to date ideas delivered by creators Kim and Maugborne called Blue Ocean Strategy. The more customary methodology is rivalry based system, for example, Porter’s Five Forces of Competition model. The Blue Ocean Strategy is a to a great extent doubtful yet fascinating idea that utilizations Value Innovation to push the organization into new markets that are undiscovered instead of going head to head with the opposition engaging it out for showcase space. This fighting is known as the Red Ocean technique where the waters are bloodied because of the fight for an upper hand. The Blue Ocean Strategy hopes to discover imaginative approaches to offer the client more incentive in the items or administrations at a decreased expense making a success win circumstance for both client and provider. The more conventional methodology is use Michael Porter’s five powers to break down the situation of the organization according to the opposition and afterward deliberately position the organization on a way of least serious obstruction. Fundamentally Porter ganders at: Threat of substitute items, Threat of section of new contenders, Intensity of serious contention, Bargaining intensity of clients, and the Bargaining intensity of providers. Key arranging at the Corporate level She[CEO] explicitly asks you what her job would be in the arranging procedure, what the corporate headquarters’ obligations would be and how the partnership would increase the value of the specialty units? Vital arranging at the Corporate level is progressively associated with dealing with the arrangement of the organization. On a very basic level Corporate level key arranging includes choices, for example, which specialty units to extend, which commercial centers the specialty units ought to contend in, designating assets between the specialty units, building and utilizing collaborations among specialty units, and consolidating or procuring different organizations. Likewise Corporate key arranging will include characterizing the general strategic, and destinations of the Corporation. Corporate level vital arranging will likewise utilize such apparatuses as Porter’s Five Forces, utilize a Blue Ocean Strategy, a Gap Analysis, or a Balanced Scorecard approach. Porter’s Five Forces and the Blue Ocean Strategy are portrayed previously. A Gap Analysis is a device used to find the current condition of the organization and the focused on condition of the organization. The distinction between them is the â€Å"Gap†. A Strategic Gap Analysis can be utilized to decide the hole and detail an arrangement to â€Å"bridge† the hole. The Balanced Scorecard takes a gander at the organization from four alternate points of view Financial, Customer Learning and Growth, and Internal Business Process. The Balanced Scorecard approach gives the organization a thought what ought to be estimated so as to â€Å"balance† the money related point of view. The Balanced Scorecard framework is an administration device that empowers the organization to obviously observe their vision and make an interpretation of that vision into vital activity. The enterprise will increase the value of the specialty units by planning and sharing corporate staff and different assets all through the specialty units, using specialty units to supplement each other in the corporate structure and different business exercises, and monetarily contributing assets across various specialty units. Jobs of SBU supervisors and utilitarian administrators The three Presidents of the specialty units and the practical administrators likewise needed to know what their particular jobs and duties would be in this new arranging procedure, and how their presentation would be assessed and remunerated? To the inquiries of three Presidents and useful officials I would reply: The job of the independent company unit directors and useful administrators is EXTREMELY critical to the vital field-tested strategy of the enterprise. (This announcement will catch the consideration of the three specialty unit presidents and useful chiefs permitting them have a sense of safety in their positions and at last assistance me to land the position!) As the specialty unit is set up and starts contending in a commercial center that it very well may be a suitable entertainer, the specialty unit supervisor has the opportunity to structure and deal with their specialty unit to hold onto the upper hand accessible to the unit inside that commercial center. Execution will be estimated utilizing key execution pointers characterized in the vital arranging process by utilizing arranging instruments, for example, the Balance Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard causes vital organizers to infer key quantifiable for that specific specialty units, for example, client, item execution, serious examinations, activities, provider, cost and money related information, worker related, and advertise execution. These markers help to adjust the exercises of the specialty unit with the objectives of the organization. The job of the specialty unit directors and utilitarian administrators are to give contribution with respect to what these measurements ought to be, screen these measurements and give criticism, and actualize changes to improve the presentation. Examination of outside and inner situations The Vice President of Information Technology additionally needed to realize what sorts of outer and inside data would be required to build up the marketable strategies, and how they would get this data. He needed to realize what sorts of scientific instruments, strategies and aptitudes they would need to produce and examine this data? To the inquiries of Vice President of Information Technology (IT) I would reply: One of the essential instruments used to decide inner an outer ecological variables influencing the business is to play out a Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats investigation or better know as SWOT examination. Interior ecological elements influencing the organization are fundamentally the Strengths and Weaknesses of the organization. Qualities that an organization can expand on are typically things, for example, brand name, protected innovation, notoriety, and all around created conveyance arranges just to give some examples. Shortcomings that an organization may confront are things, for example, high overhead costs, poor flexibly chain, or a feeble brand name. Outer elements influencing the organization are the Opportunities and Threats. Openings introduced to the firm could be thing, for example, requirement for another item, lifted guidelines, developing markets, and evacuation of exchange hindrances. At last, Threats are things, for example, substitute items, expanded guidelines, and new exchange levies. At the point when placed into a lattice structure, a SWOT examination can give the establishment on which the key arrangement of the organization will be constructed. As I referenced beforehand execution of the specialty units and the company will be estimated utilizing markers characterized in the vital arranging process by utilizing arranging apparatuses, for example, the Balance Scorecard and a Gap Analysis. IT will be approached to help with catching and putting away information that is inside and remotely identified with territories of the business, for example, client, item execution, serious correlations, tasks, provider, cost and budgetary information, worker related, and advertise execution. This information is critical to momentary total anticipating the specialty units and long haul vital getting ready for both the specialty units and the enterprise. IT will assume a significant job in human asset the board and arranging, catching cross utilitarian information value of the specialty units, perceiving and ensuring protected innovation, and sharing this data all through the association. The key organizers will require help from IT to give apparatuses to business situations, advertising and deals arranging, and money related projections. These data sources are important for sound arranging choices. Writers Anthony and Govindarajan have distributed a book entitled Management Control Systems and section 8 further examines the job of Information Technology in vital arranging. When all is said in done contribution from IT will be required for the executives control frameworks and giving a structure in which the control frameworks can give data and input to the pioneers for key arranging. At last IT will be expected to help with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). ERP is essential to connect a large number of the individual databases or make a focal database for the different framework modules. ERP will help in the sharing of data all through the association and permit execution following of key markers. A worldwide business, for example, Lawrence Manufacturing Corporat

Hernan Cortes Hero or Villain

The Sun Cannot be secured by a Finger Hearing of the word saint brings to my brain an attractive man with certain characteristics of reasonable, equivalent, mental fortitude, daring, genuine and a positive head. This makes the inverse a reprobate an individual who wishes wrong for somebody or an individual who makes underhanded. The occasion changes significantly, a saint of the past may not be viewed as a legend in the present and versa. Hernando Cortes a saint for joining two universes and vanquishing the most impressive human progress of America or Hernando Cortes a scoundrel for making the Aztec Empire disappear.Hernando Cortez was a significant image for the investigations, however slaughtering individuals, finishing the most remarkable development in America and spreading maladies doesn't makes him a legend. With great procedure and scarcely any men Cortes vanquished the Aztec Empire, first Montezuma II and afterward Cuauhtemoc. (5) Spreading illness â€Å"smallpox† to t he Aztecs that at that point will spread the malady all over Mexico and making numerous individuals kick the bucket. (2) Taking over a progress that had his way of life, language, religion and in the wake of doing this got done with the whole Aztec Empire. (1) If you contend these reasons you get the aftereffects of a scoundrel or for this situation the consequence of Cortes. â€Å"For the individuals of Mexico, Cuauhtemoc is a legend as the Spanish are brutal exploiters in their treatment of the indigenous populace. † (3) Not just Mexicans accept that poor and coldblooded treatment for human beans is a wrongdoing. This is something that we were conceived and we promptly knew. Regarding people as slaves is dishonorable and this is actually what Cortes did.Coming to a spot that isn't yours and saying that presently is you place is a certain something, yet treating them awful so they would do what he request and murdering them in the event that they chose to restrict is another significant level of evilness. (4) Cortes was eventually answerable for the maltreatment endured by indigenous and this contributes monstrously to the â€Å"black legend† of triumph. (9) The dark legend of the triumph was the maltreatment of the Spanish toward the Indigenous. Spanish started to take ladies and kids for the Indians to serve and to utilize detestable from them; they ate their suppers that the Indians got from hard exertion and work of regularly from them. 9) All of this where awful treatment towards the Aztecs that before the Spanish got to America was a development that was not terrible treated by anybody. (6) This was the structure they treated the Aztecs that would later prompt the dissipation of the Aztec Empire. The Spanish were beginning to settle just as the diseases.In 100 years 90 percent of the Indians populace kicked the bucket and this was an issue that Cortes conveyed since his appearance. (11) Smallpox was without a doubt the principle scoundrel, however not just, as the Spanish additionally presented the mumps and measles, both liable for some passings. 17) There is no proof that these diseases exist in America before the appearance of the conquistadores. The infection was surely bloodiest than the smallpox in sixteenth century in Europe. (11) It can be obliging that this malady was passed in the main attempt of Cortes attempting to vanquish the Aztecs in 1521. This being a quick illness that went from individual to individual. (16) When Cortes entered the city in August, found that almost a large portion of the populace had kicked the bucket. Over the span of a half year there was not really a solitary town without being contaminated. 11) It has been evaluated that almost 50% of the Aztec individuals kicked the bucket in the principal pestilence. While Cortes was planning more men and building ships for assaulting the city, the Aztecs were kicking the bucket by the ailment that his men left the first occasion when they en ter the city. (8) This was a major additional assistance to make things a lot simpler so Cortes could vanquish the Aztec Empire. (11) Without truly searching for additional assistance, help was tumbling from the sky towards Cortes; for this situation he discovered that he had slaughtered a ton of men with one of his disease.In option, can somebody by considered a legend for something that he truly didn't design? After one in the end comes the other. Cortes didn't just concentrate on executing the Aztecs he is still associated with the clashes of â€Å"La matanza de Cholula† and â€Å"La matanza del templo mayor†. Cortes required men to assist him with completing the Aztec domain. â€Å"La matanza de Cholula† was an assault by military powers of the Spanish vanquisher Hernando Cortes in his way to the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in the year 1519. (12) According to works of Cortes it was a forestalling activity in light of the fact that there was talk that there w ould have been a potential snare inside the city of Cholula. The outcome was the demise of 5 000 or 6 000 Cholula, for the most part unarmed regular folks in a period not surpassing six hours. (12) The other fight â€Å"La matanza del templo mayor† otherwise called the evening of tears was the night that Cortes lost portion of his men attempting to escape from the city of Tenochtitlan were additionally numerous Aztecs kicked the bucket; this was the 20 of May 1520. 13) The 27 of June 3 days before the evening of tears happened Montezuma was killed by his own kin, this will prompt the primary disarray; days after the fact Cuauhtemoc will be the following chief of the Aztecs being perceived for a progressively forceful pioneer. (14) Cuauhtemoc realizing that Cortes was attempting to engage Tenochtitlan, he sorted out the military and individuals to guard the city, offered to expel the tributes to his vassals, sustained the court and demolished the bridges.The Aztecs protected t heir situations for 75 days, until August 13, 1521. After the 75 days the city was incomprehensible the pioneer attempted to get away however they were catch by Spanish individuals. (14) Cuauhtemoc was then caught and was threatened to death in the event that he didn't said were the gold was. Cuauhtemoc stayed detained for a long time. He was murdered by the champions during the endeavor of Cortes to Central America in 1525 and this was the finish of a human progress that endure since the appearance of the Spanish. 14) Getting to an end, we dissect how Cortes treated, slaughtered, battle. Cortes a reprobate for making bleeding front lines where he ventured. Obviously here is the meaning of a lowlife. Spreading illnesses, causing individuals to endure, completing the human progress just with the end goal of gold and his own advantages. A saint considers everybody not simply on himself. Indeed with great system and barely any men Cortes crushed the Aztec Empire, first Montezuma II and afterward Cuauhtemoc causing this to endure much more.However spreading malady â€Å"smallpox† to the Aztecs that at that point will spread the ailment all over Mexico and making numerous individuals kick the bucket. This infection slaughtered 90% of the Natives in 100 years. Assuming control over a human advancement that had his way of life, language, religion and in the wake of doing this got done with the whole Aztec Empire. Nobody can be viewed as a saint by doing these underhanded things. Cortes confirmation to be a lowlife in pretty much every demonstration, now and again isn't sufficient to be a daring men and valiant. You have to utilize this characteristics for good not for terrible treatment.

Classes 2.0

Classes 2.0 Here’s to a basically mid-semester check-in to what I spend my time doing. I waited because I naively hoped that life would settle down into a rhythm before I profile it, but also because I was procrastinating as bloggers do. Probably primarily the latter. 6.009 Fundamentals of Programming I made that cat black and white and blurry (on purpose)! That was me! Mind you, this was the very first problem set. About a month and half in now, it’s safe to say that I will have learned a lot by the end of this semester. Perhaps even enough to compensate for the fact that my Sundays have been renamed “Day of 6.009 Office Hours.” 6.006 Introduction to Algorithms This class focuses on “mathematical modeling of computational problems,” which basically means runtime and common algorithms, like merge sorts and Dijkstra’s shortest path. I fluctuate in this class from really feeling like I have a grasp on the material to feeling like the professor is speaking a foreign language. This bipolarity often occurs within the same lecture, but if I sit in office hours for enough time, it sometimes starts to make a little sense. 7.012 Introduction to Biology Every year, registration for this class is lotteried probably because Professor Eric Lander, one of the leads on the Human Genome Project, is a lecturer for the class. The best part is I have the opportunity to take him out to dinner through the Student-Faculty Dinner, assuming we can fit into his busy schedule. Currently debating whether it’s too weird to ask for an autograph or something. ES.S41 Nonviolence as a Way of Life This class is taught under the MIT Prison Initiative, with philosophy Professor Lee Perlman, and philosophy it is. We’ve spent entire classes focused on the word forgiveness, discussing it objectively and subjectively, defining it meticulously, and creating counterexamples that take us right back to square one. I take this class with the inmates of the Norfolk medium security prison, who are often serving very long or life sentences for their crimes. To hear an MIT student’s perspective is interesting, but to hear a gang leader’s opinion on nonviolence is something else. For them, the parallel experience of hearing our perspectives and similarities with their thoughts have surprised them as well. It’s a five hour block every Thursday, given transportation and processing time, but this is probably (hopefully) the only context in which I’ll ever set foot in prison, and that experience has already been profound and educational in more ways than simply discussing the readings of Gandhi on campus. My plan is to post more in depth about this in the future, after I figure out the boundaries of privacy and legality (someone hold me to this). 13.Ballroom In an attempt to gain some semblance of body awareness, I’ve found a new hobby (yay for things besides psets)!! This weekend, I’m competing (so soon wowza) at Brown in like 9 different dances, currently knowing only three-ish and feeling like I have two left feet, so this should be fun! I’d say ballroom is my “let’s try something new even if I suck because that’s part of the amazing human experience” item of the year. So far, it’s been a blast, despite tipping over several times in high heels already while dancing. Updates (most likely) coming in the future. 13.UROP To support my lack of a meal plan and therefore, constant take-out ordering, I have found a cool CSAIL lab to work in (coincidentally in the same group as Anelise N. :o). Here’s the rig I get paid to play with: The idea is to create a dataset that a machine learning model could train and test on to reconstruct the scene not in the frame, using tonality data. Applications of this include using the model to “see beyond corners” and also render items in augmented/virtual reality. It’s some really cool stuff that I don’t necessarily entirely understand yet, but I’m so happy to be at the intersection of photography and machine learning applications. 13.HireMe (pls) Wow, trying to get a job is like a full-time job. Even with job postings swimming in buzz words like “Harvard MBA looking for app coder,” “machine learning,” and “startup culture,” it’s hard to sell yourself to the recruiter, while also convincing yourself that you won’t just be another cog in the corporate machine. I shouldn’t even be complaining. I was talking to a Course 1 Environmental Science major (so rarely found in the wild, I know!), and she was explaining to me what the job search struggle really sounds like when companies are only big enough to hire one intern per summer, but there are often moral issues with working at big oil companies that can afford a herd of interns. 13.StateofWorld The past few weeks have been very heavy, weighed down by things that happened within the MIT community and the world, from losing a member of our class to natural disasters near my family. The result is that the hours I’ve laid awake in bed could easily amount to time I’ve spent in class. What a time to be alive. I’ve been writing this piecemeal as I wait for data collection in my UROP, or if I ever get tired of banging my head against a wall for a problem set, so apologies on any discontinuities or tangential trains of thought, as I am hOsEd. Post Tagged #6.006 #6.009 #7.012 Intro to Biology #Ballroom Dancing #CSAIL (Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab) #CSAIL (Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab)

Should Companies Refuse Smokers Hire - 871 Words

Should companies refuse smokers hire? The argumentative essay topic is â€Å"Should companies have the right to refuse to hire smokers† which is about social argumentative essay topics. There were smoking bans in bars and restaurants to create some backlash in the last decade, while now the policies about some hospitals and businesses refuse smokers hire that appeal to a new ethical issue. Therefore, people are arguing it—should companies refuse smokers hire? Additionally, the author of the argumentative essay disagrees the policies what are unethical he thinks, though there are a bit of person argument that it’s for their own good. This argument is significant because it refers to relationship between companies and workers. No smoking is not realistic, but I still argue that the policies against hiring smokers will save lives over the long term. Besides that, I hate cigarettes and cigarette breath as my parents don’t smoke. One of the reasons is that peop le who are agree with author think that it’s paradoxical to create polices against employee who smoke. They believe the hospitals are callous and contradictory for health care institutions due to refuse to employ smokers, which imply discriminate for those people. However, I am really not agree them whose thoughts and I insist that hospitals refuse to hire smokers is responsible for patients, since smoking can case cancers seriously especially â€Å"compel† patients to second-hand smoke would be worse. For example, even thoughShow MoreRelatedWhat Would You Do ? Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesyour Board of Directors mentioned that some companies are now refusing to hire smokers and that the board should discuss this option at the next month’s meeting. Nationwide, about 6,000 companies refuse to hire smokers. Weyco, an employee benefits company in Okemos, Michigan, requires all applicants to take a nicotine test. Weyco’s CFO says, â€Å"We’re not sa ying people can’t smoke. We’re just saying they can’t smoke and work here. As an employee-benefits company, we need to take a leadership role in helpingRead MoreShould Companies Want Smokers Hire Smokers?931 Words   |  4 PagesThe argumentative essay topic is â€Å"Should companies have the right to refuse to hire smokers† which is about social argumentative essay topics. There were smoking bans in bars and restaurants to create some backlash in the last decade, while now the policies about some hospitals and businesses refuse smokers hire that appeal to a new ethical issue. Therefore, people are arguing it—should companies refuse smokers hire? Additionally, the author of the argumentative essay disagrees the policies whatRead MoreOff Duty Smoking Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesOff-Duty Smoking 1. Was Rob’s choice justified? Why or why not? No, I don’t think Rob’s choice was justified. Rob did not hire this person because she was a smoker nor because she was less qualified. His reason for hiring her was, â€Å"Rob had to go with soft reasons. Cathy was a smoker. Rob didn’t like smoking – he considered it disgusting and a sign of weakness of character.† I feel as though Rob was being discriminative towards her. If Rob would have not hired Cathy because of something that sheRead MoreEssay on Employee Privacy In the Workplace461 Words   |  2 Pagescomputer and email monitoring. Many employees don’t seen to understand exactly employers do this. Employers monitor email accounts and company computers mainly for two reasons. Reason one is that they don’t want their employees wasting company time for personal use. In most places, that is considered a very good reason, because if an employee is using company time for personal things, then work isn’t being done. Then it causes problems for everyone. Reason two is that employers want to make sureRead MoreEthics in the Workplace Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesDecember 11, 2005 Ethics in the Workplace Case Study Action Plan Introduction In 2003, Weyco Inc., a licensed third party medical benefits administrator based in Okemos, Michigan, announced that effective January 1, 2005, they would no longer hire smokers (http://www.weyco.com/web/). They were changing their policy to a Tobacco-Free Policy, which would not only prohibit employees from smoking in or around the workplace, but outside the workplace, including in the privacy of their own homes. EmployeesRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of No Smoking in Working Places2325 Words   |  10 Pagesand by reducing excess smoking-related absenteeism among smokers who are motivated to quit as a result of the tobacco-free policy. Especially for small businesses that have employees who handle a variety of tasks, productivity can be greatly increased by reduced absenteeism. Workplace smoking cessation programs can increase smoking cessation rates, improve employee health, reduce exposure to second-hand smoke, and decrease costs. A smoker who quits could save employers an estimated $960 in excessRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Cigarette Smoking2740 Words   |  11 Pagesincluding such common diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, colorectal cancer, and diabetes mellitus. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that there is a contributing relationship between smoking and diminished health status. Self-reported data among smokers included poor overall health, missing work, and increased health care use and cost due to tobacco use. Cigarette smoking increases risk for all-cause mortality in men and women, with more than 20 million premature deaths that can be attributed toRead MoreHrci Exam Guide9197 Words   |  37 PagesStrategic organizational issues related to employee compensation include all of the following EXCEPT: a. whether to emphasize seniority or performance. b. how to handle salary compression. c. whether employees should be paid weekly, biweekly, or monthly. d. who should distribute pay checks to employees. 5. A specialized approach to organizational change in which the employees themselves formulate the change that is required and implement it, often with the assistance of a trainedRead MoreChap8440 Words   |  34 Pagesmarketing information, and help managers use it in their decision making. a. distribute b. collect c. retrieve d. store e. validate (Answer: a; p. 97; Challenging) 4. The marketing information system is not limited to use by the company it serves. It may also provide information to _____. a. the government b. external partners c. various publics d. competitors e. none of the above (Answer: b; p. 97; Moderate) 5. Marketers must weigh carefully the costsRead MoreCorporate Social Response6999 Words   |  28 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility - What does it mean? CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication Making Good Business Sense by Lord Holme and Richard Watts, used the following definition. Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of

Were Women a Help or Bother During the Vietnam War

Are women capable of handling battles and all its components? Of course because all throughout history women have made significant contributions to America, especially the Vietnam War. The United States has been slower to include women in its military planning and actions. Men believed in saving the United States from communism, and many women believed they could make a difference in the battle. Women, military as well as civilian, volunteered to go to Vietnam for a variety of reasons, as they wanted to show love and companion to men, they wanted to show their independency as feminists disputing the fact that many Americans believed women were not capable of handling such a traumatic war. To begin with, women were able to show men love†¦show more content†¦There was also opposing viewpoints that women were at high risk of sexual harassment (Carlson 4). Although that should not get in the way when women can report the individual who did her wrong and also there was a risks of violations back at home. While their daily experiences were different, all women who served were met with the clear realities of danger and death on a daily basis (Women in Vietnam). Once the initial experience of arrival was over, women began to camouflage to their situations and to settle their job that the war offered (â€Å"Iris†). They, like the men in uniform who were doing the fighting, came under much of the same enemy fire and risked their lives. They were a rare breed of women who were knew what not so much was coming to them but was able to handle such a traumatic devastation. But along with men, they were able to handle seeing such horrible situations, opposing that wom en and men should have been allowed to fight the battles regardless of the sex. At the end, women would return home individually, with no grand welcome awaiting them. Many of these women had experienced the terrors and trauma of the war, and had to find a way to adjust with these awful horrible memories while finding their place back in a normal life. Many felt the best way to deal with this was to fade away into isolation, found it difficult to speak to family and friends, felt anger and hadShow MoreRelatedEssay on We Were Soldiers1091 Words   |  5 PagesWe Were Soldiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War was a nightmare for many soldiers. It re-defined the meaning of war to an entire generation. As the conflict grew it became known around the world that this was a war that could not be won. After this was realized by America the main focus became to get out instead of getting a victory. In the 2002 film We Were Soldiers, directed by Randall Wallace, a true account of the first major battle in Vietnam is given. At the beginning of the film he introducesRead MoreEssay about Report on We Were Soldiers1124 Words   |  5 PagesBehind Extended Essay of We Were Soldiers The Vietnam War was a nightmare for many soldiers. It re-defined the meaning of war to an entire generation. As the conflict grew it became known around the world that this was a war that could not be won. After this was realized by America the main focus became to get out instead of getting a victory. In the 2002 film We Were Soldiers, directed by Randall Wallace, a true account of the first major battle in Vietnam is given. At the beginningRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesIf one looks at propaganda posters from World War I and II, one often sees an ugly portrayal of the enemy leader, stereotypical portrayals of enemy citizens, or heroic depictions of men from one’s home country followed by motivational text. Despite the obvious fallacies that are being used, scare tactics are great methods of promoting nationalism within a country. Propaganda posters and media were widespread during both World Wars, within bot h opposing powers. To unite the people of a country, itRead MoreHippies : Who Are They?888 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore, then let me be the first to bring it to help create a visual mindset of how they look and dress. Most of us have seen the basic â€Å"hippy image†. Bell bottom blue jeans, tie-dyed shirts, bandanas, circle sunglasses, both men and women had long hair and of course we cannot forget, bare feet. Why bother buying shoes when they had their feet for free? The way that hippies dressed was a visual set for their beliefs, values, customs and so forth. 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The main purpose is to have sex with foreign women and or men. In Brennan s article on Sex Tourism, we learn that like any other tourism, the only people that really benefit from it are the tourists, not even the locals or the women. The women get better financial pay in Bangkok than at other Sex Tourism destinations, but most of the money that they earn goes straight to their husbands. The women there offer themselves in hopes that they will be swept off their feet byRead MoreSex Tourism Is A Large Part Of Income1875 Words   |  8 Pageschildren(dictionary.cambridge.org). The main purpose is to have sex with foreign women. In Brennan s article on Sex Tourism, we learn that like any other tourism, the o nly people that really benefit from it are the tourists, not even the locals or the women. The women get better financial pay in Bangkok than at other Sex Tourism destinations, but most of the money that they earn goes straight to their husbands. The women there offer themselves in hopes that they will be swept off their feet by theRead MoreThe Ride Along Experience Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesHeth Michelle Emerson-Lewis CRJ 110 – 102 During my ride along with Officer McNairy of the Castle Rock Police department we had two cases of harassment, one welfare case, and one traffic violation that we worked on. Both harassment cases were easy enough, as was the traffic violation which we let go with just a warning. Welfare cases don’t normally go to police officers to manage, but on the day of my ride along one was. I had a very good time during my ride along and will probably do more in the

Desiree’s Baby Free Essays

Desiree’s baby Kate Chopin wrote the short story â€Å"Desiree’s baby† in 1892, when black people where considered second-class citizens. Even though the slaves were freed in 1865 as a directly consequence of the north states victory at the civil war, racial segregation were at it highest, particular because of the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws. Black people were free – but their opportunities were not good. We will write a custom essay sample on Desiree’s Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even tough many new schools and churches were built for the black people, racism were a big sinner and black people were treated very bad – especially in the south states. Miscegenation was a cursed word, as the communities saw it as a crime and both the family and the baby were suppressed. Desiree felt that on her own body. â€Å"Desiree’s baby† contains a lot of typical short story characteristics, e. g. â€Å"in media res† and an ambiguous ending – yet it differs on places, such as the length of the act and the number of characters – but Kate Chopin wrote both short stories and novels, so it’s not unthinkable that she mixed the two genres here. The short story is told by an omniscient third-person narrator. It’s not a limited narrator, as we hear more than one character’s thoughts. E. g. in this sentence â€Å"it made her laugh to think of Desiree with a baby† one of the characters, Madame Valmonde’s, inner thoughts are shared with us, while Armand bares his soul places like this â€Å"he thought Almighty God had dealt cruelly and unjustly with him; †¦ †. The main character is Desiree. She’s â€Å"beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere – the idol of Valmonde† and an orphan, found in â€Å"the shadow of the big stone pillar† just outside Valmonde. She’s adopted by the religious and kindly madame Valmonde, who believes that â€Å"Desiree had been sent to her by a beneficent Providence to be the child of her affection, seeing that she was without child of the flesh†. Desiree’s also described very gentle in her actions, e. g. with the slaves and she’s madly in love with Armand, which sentences such as â€Å"when he smiled, she asked no greater blessing of God† intensely indicates – and it is, at least in the start, reciprocated. Armand is described as a very â€Å"hard† and strict person, but his love for Desiree makes him soft as butter. Their love is almost described as in a fairytale, as he fell in love with her â€Å"as if struck by a pistol shot†. He’s blinded by love and even looks beyond her â€Å"obscure origin†, even though he’s warned. Later, he grew even softer, as â€Å"â€Å"marriage, and later the birth of his son had softened Armand Aubigny’s imperious and exacting nature greatly† – but all that changed, when it occurred to him that the baby was not white. He’s a product of his time and surroundings – a â€Å"typical† south state man, who leads a cotton farm and perceives black people as second-class people. However, Madame Valmonde, is at some points ahead of her time. When Desiree wrote to her that the people were telling her that she was not white, she answered â€Å"My own Desiree: Come home to Valmonde; back to your mother who loves you. Come with your child. â€Å". Even though she gave birth to a â€Å"colored† baby, she still wishes to see and be in touch with Desiree AND the baby. That may be considered normal today, but at that time it was an enormous privilege. The setting of the story is the southern state, Louisiana, on the two plantations Valmonde and L’abri. Valmonde is the name of the family who owns the plantation, while L’abri is the French word for shelter. The reason that many French words and French sounding names appear in this story, is that Louisiana once was a French colony. The story takes place before slavery was abolished, so it’s going on around the mid-nineteenth century. The community surrounding the characters of the story are very wealthy, as many slaves harvest the cotton at L’abri. Besides that, it is also a sign of status and money that Armand orders a â€Å"corbeille from Paris† to his wedding with Desiree, as the journey from Louisiana to Paris was incredibly long and difficult at that time. The story unfolds in the period July to August, as we hear that three months are going from the day Miss Valmonde visit Desiree to the â€Å"break up† of Desiree and Armand – and Desiree leaves Armand â€Å"an October afternoon†. One of the themes of the story is miscegenation. Kate Chopin wishes to bring the subject to the knowledge of people – to bring the topic to debate. Kate Chopin is famous for using naturalism in her work, which is a literate movement, with realistic writing, who brings social issues to debate. It’s used her, as the story narrates about a white girl, giving birth to a colored child, taking the â€Å"easy† way out – disappearing, which is possible the death for her and her child. The hertz against â€Å"mixed†, and of course black, people, were something Kate Chopin wished to change and that’s the issue she tried to put focus on with this short story. The story also deals with ethical and morale themes, such as the fact that it’s not right to accuse people for something you’re not sure about. Armand learns this the hard way, as he receives â€Å"nemesis† for his evil deed, when he discovers that it’s him who’s carrying the black genes. How to cite Desiree’s Baby, Papers Desiree’s Baby Free Essays Final draft DESIREE’S BABY, by Kate Chopin Desiree’s Baby, by Kate Chopin, describes a girl who was adopted by Monsieur and Madame Valmonde. Madame Valmonde loved Desiree very much because she was beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere. Desiree was married to Armand Aubigny. We will write a custom essay sample on Desiree’s Baby or any similar topic only for you Order Now When she had a baby, Armand was pleased. However, he had changed since he realized that the baby was not white and he assumed that Desiree was not white. One day, Armand and his wife had an argument with each other, after that Desiree left L’Abri. Finally, she walked off into a deserted field and never be seen again although Madame Valmonde asked Desiree and the baby to return to Valmonde estate. At the end of the story, Armand knew that his mother belonged to the race that was cursed with the branch of slavery on account of her letter. Among all characters portrayed in this story, I am interested in Madame Valmonde the most for some reasons. First, she loved Desiree as an apple of her eyes although the girl was not her own child. Second, Madame told her adopted child to come back home when Armand stopped loving her daughter and the baby. Last, this character has given me an image that mother is always a warm, lovely person. Moreover, she would accept whatever her children have done. What I have significantly learnt from the story is that racism is unacceptable and it may affect your life too. I can see that Armand changed when he had became a racist. He was not pleased with his family on the ground that the baby was not white. As a result, his family was broken. One more important thing that I have learnt is careless in making decision. Being too rash to judge someone or something gives many bad feedbacks. As an example in the story, Armand thought that his son was not white on account of Desiree, but actually it was not. Besides this, Armand found out his mom was a branch of slavery which led his son to be black because of his ancestors. Eventually, he might have suffered from what he had done to his wife and son. After I read the story, I like it very much. I would recommend this story to my friends, so they can learn more for their own and get more experiences from Armand’s mistakes. How to cite Desiree’s Baby, Essay examples

Assigment 2 free essay sample

1. Suppose that you can trade a riskless asset that yields 5% and two risky assets A and B. The expected return of asset A is 8% and that of asset B is 11%, while the standard deviation of asset A is 14% and that of asset B is 23%. The covariance between assets A and B is 0:0322. Solution . rA,B= CovAR(A,B) / [(? A)(? B)] = -0. 0322 / (14%)(23%) rA,B = -1 But when rA,B = -1, (? p)^2 = [wA(? A) – wB(? B)]^2, ? p = wA(? A) – wB(? B) Is there is no risk fo the portafolio, then ? p = 0 So this means that: 0 = 14%(wA) – 23%(1 – wA), solve this for wA, wA = 0. 6216 wB = 1 – wA, wB = 0. 3784 E(Rp) = 0. 6216(8%) + 0. 3784(11%) = 9. 1352% Suppose that each one of the securities has a value of $100, Cash Flow Today Cash Flow 1 year from today Buy 0. 6216 units of A -$62. 16 $62. 16(1. 08) = +$67. 13 Buy 0. 3784 units of B -$37. 84 $37. 84(1. 11) = +$42. 00 Short 1 unit of risk-free +$100 -$100(1. 05) = -$105 Net Cash Flow 0 +$4. 13 What today will be $4. 13/(1. 05) = $3. 93 2. You are the risk manager in a major investment bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Assigment 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The banks current portfolio consists of U. S. stocks (50%), bonds (20%), and derivatives (30%). The expected returns and standard deviations of these investments are Expected Return 13% 7% 25% Standard Deviation 25% 9% 50% A trader comes with a idea about investing in some new emerging markets: the markets of Polynesia, Micronesia, and New Caledonia. These markets have the following characteristics: Polynesia Micronesia New Caledonia Expected Return 18% 20% 22% Standard Deviation 30% 35% 28% Correlation with Stocks 0. 4 0. 2 0. 6 Correlation with Bonds 0. 3 0. 1 0. 2 Correlation with Derivatives 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 Your job as risk manager is to determine how this investment would project the overall risk of the banks portfolio. Based on risk considerations alone, which of the three emerging markets is the best investment? Assume that the investment in the new market is based by borrowing on the riskless asset, and that it is a very small part of the banks overall investment. The market with the smallest risk contribution can be figured by determining the CovAR of each market to the portfolio. CovAR(RA, RM) = (? A)var(RM) Thus, it eliminates the need to determine Var(RM). If the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio can be measured by first determining the covariance between stocks, bonds, and derivatives. Then, these values can be summed to compute the CovAR of Polynesia to the bank’s portfolio. CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks) = xstocks(? Polynesia)(? stocks)(weight of stocks) = 0. 4 * 0. 3 * 0. 25 * 0. 5 = 0. 015 With similar calculations, CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds) = 0. 00162 and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) = 0. 009 CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) can be computed by summing CovAR(Polynesia, Stocks), CovAR(Polynesia, Bonds), and CovAR(Polynesia, Derivatives) CovAR(Polynesia, portfolio) = 0. 015 + 0. 00162 + 0. 009 = 0. 2562 With similar calculations, CovAR(Micronesia, portfolio) = 0. 02513, CovAR(NewCaledonia, portfolio) = 0. 038808 The best option of investment is the bank is Micronesia. 3. Stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 8% and the same standard deviation 19% (a)Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 1:0. Explain the intuition behind this result. r = 1, ? p = 19% With a perfect positive correlation, there is no idiosyncratic risk, thus there are no benefits of diversification. (b) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = 0. 5, ? p = 15. 51% (c) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:0. Using excel, when r = 0, ? p = 10. 97% (d) Compute the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio if the correlation between all pairs of stocks is 0:5. Using excel, when r = -0. 5, ? p = 0% (e) Explain intuitively in which case above (a) to (d) (if any) is the equally weighted portfolio the minimum variance portfolio? (No computation is needed. ) The minimum variance portfolio is seen when r = -0. 5. Here, ? p = 0% (f) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same expected return 11% instead of 8% and nothing else is changed? No change (g) How does your answer to part (e) change if stocks X, Y, and Z have the same standard deviation 15% instead of 19% and nothing else is changed? No change 4. Your rich uncle asks you financial advice. He is currently holding a portfolio of 30% T-bills and 70% Microsoft stock. The beta of Microsoft is 1. 2 and the standard deviation is 37. 95%. You decide to base your advice on the CAPM. The T-bill rate is 5%. The market portfolio has expected return 15% and standard deviation 20%. (a)What is the expected return of your uncles portfolio? E(RM) = 5% + 1. 2(15% 5%) = 17% E(Rp) = (3/10)5% + (7/10)17% = 13. 4% (b) What is the standard deviation of your uncles portfolio? (? p)^2 = (7/10)^2(0. 3795)^2 + (3/10)^2(0)^2 + 0 = 0. 0705699 ? p = 0. 0705699^0. 5 = 0. 26565 = 26. 565% (c) You decide to recommend to your uncle a portfolio that has the same expected return as his portfolio but the lowest possible standard deviation. Which is this portfolio, and what is its standard deviation? 13. 4% = wTP(15%) + (1 – wTP)(5%) solving for wTP, wTP = 0. 84 wT = 1 – wTP, wT = 0. 16 (? p)^2 = 0. 84^2(0. 2)^2 = 0. 028224 ?p = 0. 168 = 16. 8% 5. Consider market portfolio and three risky assets: A, B, and C. Over the next year, only three scenarios of how the economy will develop can happen with equal probability. The table below describes, in each scenario, returns predicted by analysts for the market portfolio and for the three risky assets. Economy Market A B C Boom 17% 11% 3% 2% Mediocre 6% 11% 3% 2% Recession -2% 2% 7% 4% (a) What are the expected returns and the standard deviations of returns from in- vesting into the market portfolio and into each of the three risky assets? E(RM) = (1/3)17% + (1/3)6% + (1/3)-2% = 7%E(RM) = 7% With similar calculations, E(RA) = 8%, E(RB) = 4. 33%, E(RC) =2. 67% (? M)^2 = (1/3)(17% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(6% 7%)^2 + (1/3)(-2% 7%)^2 = 0. 0061 ? M = 0. 0061^0. 5 = 0. 0779 = 7. 79% With similar calculations, ? A = 4. 24%, ? B = 1. 89%, ? C = 0. 94% (b) Covariance of returns of the market portfolio with asset A is where pBoom, pMediocre, and pRecession are the probabilities of the three scenarios to occur. The correlation of returns of the market portfolio with the returns of asset A is _(RM;RA) = Cov(RM;RA) _ (RM) _ (RA) Use the formulas above tend the covariance’s and correlations of returns of assets A, B, and C with the returns of the market portfolio. Using formula, Cov(RM,RA) = 0. 0027, Cov(RM,RB) = -0. 0012, Cov(RM,RC) = -0. 0006 Using formula, ? (RM,RA) = 0. 8171, ? (RM,RB) = -0. 8171, ? (RM,RC) = -0. 8171 (c)What are the betas of assets A, B, and C? ?A = CovAR(RM,RA) / Var(RM) = 0. 0027 / 0. 0061 = 0. 4451? A = 0. 4451 With similar calculations, ? B = -0. 1978, ? C = -0. 0989 (d)If the riskless rate is 3. 5%, what are the expected returns of A, B, and C as predicted by the CAPM? CAPM, E(Ri) = rf + ? i [ E(RM) – rf ] E(RA) = 3. 5% + 0. 4451( 7% 3. 5% ) = 5. 06%E(RA) = 5. 06% With similar calculations, E(RB) = 2. 81%, E(RC) = 3. 15% (e) Draw a graph that contains the riskless asset, the market portfolio, and the three risky assets A, B, and C. Draw the SML in this graph. (f) Find alphas of risky assets A, B, and C. Indicate alphas of each risky asset in the alpha(A) = 8% 5. 06% = 2. 94%, alpha(B) = 4. 33% 2. 81% = 1. 52%, alpha(C) = 2. 67% 3. 15% = -0. 48%

Staying Positive free essay sample

Staying positive Staying positive under pressure is one of the hardest thing u can do. Being positive when the odd are stack against u and u have all of your friends, co-worker or teams counting on u is not as easy as it sounds. When you’re in a job interview or in a game or tournament and you are expected to do your best is when the pressure kicks in the most and fears and nervousness kicks in right behind it. Being positive for my first game in my high school handball team was one of the hardest things I ever had to do. When my coach called my name for my first school game it felt like my heart skip a beat and what made it ever more worst it was the match that decide if we won the game. Walking on to the court I could feel how fast my heart was beating and how much my hands were trembling. We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Positive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only thing that was going through my mind was â€Å"I better not mess or play bad today and show why I deserve to play as part of this team† at that same moment I felt like i forgot how to completely play like it was something completely new to me and I did not want to be there but in the end I was successful. Let me offer some advice on how to stay positive. One of the best ways to stay positive during a pressure if it’s a job interview or a big game is simply not to think about it or how huge it but to relax and let it fellow be yourself and what u need to do without stressing the major concept of it. Another piece of advice is to try to smile and enjoy yourself and come off confidence.

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Example

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Example Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay a mixture of 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol, or a ketone Separation via Ester or salt formation: The female parent spirits enriched with p-cresol ( e.g. , to a m/p ratio of 35: 65 ) from the precipitation with sodium ethanoate can respond with oxalic acid to give the semiester or diester, which is precipitated on chilling to 20 A °C. The ester is separated and so hydrolyzed by heating with H2O at 85 % in the presence of the several nonionic dissolver. The oxalic acid may be precipitated on chilling and recycled. The p-cresol dissolves in the organic dissolver, from which it is isolated by distillment. The jumping usage of both procedures separates m- and p-cresol about wholly { 4 } Alkylation with Isobutylene: Alkylation of m-/p- cresol mixture gives a mixture of butylated m-cresol and p-cresols. Dealkylation of either or both of these merchandises makes it possible to acquire pure m-cresol and p-cresol. Uses O-cresol O-cresol can be chlorinated to 4-chloro-o-cresol and can be used as a get downing stuff for the production of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and 2- ( 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy ) -propionic acid ; these acids are of import as selective weedkillers. A smaller proportion of o-cresol can besides be nitrated to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, which can be used in the production and distillment of cinnamene as a polymerisation inhibitor. O-cresol of high pureness is now being processed to epoxy-o-cresol novolak rosins which are utile as sealing stuffs for incorporate circuits ( french friess ) . Normal choice o-cresol is besides employed in the alteration of traditional phenol-formaldehyde rosins. O-cresol is besides of import as a precursor of assorted dye intermediates, of which the most of import in footings of measure is o-cresotinic acid ( o-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid ) produced by the kolbes synthesis. { 5 } This acid can besides be used in the pharmaceutical industry. O-cresols can be used as a dissolver, straight or after it has been hydrogenated to 2-methylcyclohexanol or 2-methylcyclohexanone. O-cresol in the signifier of its carbonated ester is used as a get downing stuff in the synthesis of coumarin. Alkylation of o-cresol with propene green goodss carvacrol, which is used in aromas and as an antiseptic. Alkylated with isobutene, little sums of o-cresols can be used as get downing stuffs in the production of antioxidants and in the production of constituents used for thermic recording stuffs. M- and p- methyl phenols A mixture of these two isomers can organize a starting stuff for contact insect powders like O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl ) thionophosphoric acid and O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-methylthiopheny ) thionophosphoric acid. Although pure m-cresol can besides function this intent. M-cresol is used in the synthesis of phenyl m-tolyl quintessence ( m-phenoxytoluene ) , which can so be oxidized to m-phenoxybenzaldehyde, which can served as a edifice block in the production of insect powders of the pyrethroid type. An of import get downing stuff for the synthesis of vitamin E is 2,3,6-trimethyphenol, this can be produced by the selective methylation of pure m-cresol with methyl alcohol. Alkylation of m-cresol with isobutene green goodss 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol which can be condensed with sulfur bichloride to give 4,4A?-thiobis ( 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol ) , an of import antioxidant for polythene and polypropene. More antioxidants are produced from 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol by condensation with butyraldehyde or crotonaldehyde. In Japan, amination of m-cresol is used to bring forth m-toludine 4-chloro-m-cresol which is used as a germicide and preservative can be produced by selective chorination of either pure m-cresol or a mixture of m-/p-cresols. An of import field of application for proficient methyl phenol mixtures is the production of modified phenoplast rosins by condensation with methanal. The suitableness and monetary value of methyl phenol mixtures for this purpose depends on their content of m-cresol, the most reactive of the three isomers. Cresol mixtures are extremely of import as dissolvers for man-made rosin coatings ( wire enamels ) . { 5 } Impersonal phosphorous acid esters which are used as fire immune hydraulic fluids, additives in lubricators, air filter oils and flameproof plasticisers for PVC and other plastics can be produced from mixtures of m-/p-cresols that do non incorporate the o isomer. Due to its bactericidal and fungicidal belongingss, methyl phenols can be used as germicides in soap. Condensation of methanal with cresolsulfonic acid and Sulfonation of novaks obtained from methyl phenols are used to bring forth man-made tanning agent. Cresols are besides used as wood preservatives. Cresols are used in Ore floatation, fiber intervention, as metal degreaser, as pull outing dissolvers, and as agents for taking carbonisation sedimentations from internal burning engines. Hydrogenation of methyl phenols green goodss methylcyclohexanol and methylcyclohexanone which are used in the pigment and fabric industries. Xylenols Xylenol or dimethylphenol is an arene compound with two methyl groups and a hydroxyl group. The name xylenol comes from xylol and phenol Xylenol occurs in six isomeric signifiers: Commercially, 2-6 xylenol is considered to be the most utile out of the six isomers. Properties The Physical belongingss are shown in the affiliated tabular array: Xylenols are colourless crystallising compounds that are soluble in intoxicant, propanone, and in many other organic dissolvers. They are less soluble in H2O than the methyl phenols { 5 } . There sourness is by and large lower than that of methyl phenol, except for 3,5-xylenol. They are normally soluble in aqueous Na hydrated oxide but the extent of solubility depends on the isomer. The chemical belongingss are similar to that of the methyl phenols Separation: Crude xylenols can be separated into its different isomers by fractional distillment. The different isomers at the matching boiling point are highlighted below. 2,4-xylenol and 2,5-xylenol are contained in the fraction boiling point at 208-212 A °C at 101.3 kPa. Crystallization method is used to divide these isomers since the difference in their boiling point at 101.3 kPa is 0.2 C 2,3-Xylenol is isolated from a fraction boiling at 215-218 A °C by selective dephenolation with dilute aqueous Na hydrated oxide, debut of the free phenols into milk of calcium hydroxide, and depriving with steam ; it can so be purified by recrystallization from benzine { 5 } 3,5-xylenols is crystallized by chilling the fractions with boiling points scope of 218-221 C, 3,4-xylenols is besides obtained this manner but with a fraction of boiling points of 223-225 C Separation of 2,6 xylenols: In the azeotropic distillment of the m-/p-cresol fraction with steam, 2,6-xylenol crystallizes from the condensate. 2,6-Xylenol can be distilled from cresolate caustics because of its lower sourness, after which it is obtained from the condensate by extraction with benzene.. In fractions rich with 2,6-xylenol like the one obtained from synthesis by the methylation of phenol, the 2,6-xylenol can be separated from m- and p-cresol and other phenols by countercurrent extraction with aqueous Na hydroxide-hydrocarbon mixtures. Uses Xylenol mixtures can be used as dissolver for wire enamels, germicides, fabric aides and in ore floatation. Xylenol-formaldehyde rosins can be manufactured from mixtures rich in 3,5-xylenols and xylenols with two H atoms in the o- and p-positions Nontoxic plasticiziers and trixylenyl phosphates which are used as fire-retardant hydraulic fluids can be produced from Xylenols that are without an o-methyl group. 2,4-/2,5-Xylenol mixtures constitute natural stuffs for antioxidants, particularly those intended for gasolene ( e.g. , 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol ) and rubber [ e.g. , 2-methyl-1,1-bis ( 2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ] . { 5 } Pure 2,5-xylenol is besides used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of lipid reducing agents. 2,6-xylenols is primary used to bring forth poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Oxidation of 2,6-xylenol gives 2,6-xylenol dimer, a forte monomer to bring forth epoxy rosins for encapsulating advanced semiconducting materials. { 6 } Condensation of 2,6-xylenol with acetone green goodss 2,2-Bis ( 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ( tetramethylbisphenol A ) which is used as an intermediate for polycarbonates whose belongingss are similar to that of poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Treated with ammonium hydroxide, 2,6-Xylenol outputs 2,6-dimethylaniline, which is used in the industry of pesticides and besides in the production of pharmaceuticals. Xylenols are besides used in little sums in the synthesis of dyes and in the production of aromas. Feedstock: There are several paths to bring forth methyl phenols and xylenols runing form natural paths to man-made paths, some of which are listed below: Sythentic paths from methylbenzene Splitting of cymene hydroperoxide Methylation of phenol Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking The feedstock required mostly depends on the production path and the specific isomers required. The procedure paths are extensively covered in subdivision 4 Safety Cresols and xylenols burn the tegument and mucose membranes through debasement of proteins, likewise to phenols. Initially white and later chocolate-brown black necroses appear on the tegument. { 5 } Certain persons may demo hypersensitivity symptoms in add-on to the caustic consequence. Absorption occurs even more quickly when the compounds are in the liquid province. Severe harm to the wellness can happen even if the open portion of the tegument is comparatively little. Inhalation of the compounds besides leads to severe poisoning whose symptoms includes concern, giddiness, sickness, purging, muscular vellication and depending on the badness, loss of consciousness. As these compounds are quickly absorbed through the tegument, a causal intervention of the toxic condition is non yet in being, although a good first assistance step would be to rinse it off the tegument every bit shortly as possible. A mixture of polythene ethanediol and ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 2:1 has been proven to be the most suited for this intent and it is extremely recommended that it is readily available in countries where methyl phenols and xylenols are being handled. It is besides recommended that when working with these two compounds, it should be done in closed setup if possible. Suites should be good ventilated and safeguards such as air locks and gas compensation technique should be in topographic point to avoid the inspiration of cresol/xylenol vapor. With brassy point of the different isomers of both compounds runing from 80-87 C, the storage and transit are handled with extreme attention. Cresols and xylenols are normally stored in well-sealed containers in a cool and good ventilated country. During transit, well-sealed and protective containers are besides used ; the high flammability and the caustic nature of the substances are besides indicated on the label. Further information sing the safety and handling of methyl phenols and xylenols can be found in the MSDS included in the appendices and subdivision 4 Environmental Consideration Cresols and xylenols are readily biodegradable, although cresol degrades faster than xylenol. Waste H2O incorporating 900mg/l of methyl phenols can be treated utilizing biological works with appropriately adapted bacteriums. In the environment, methyl phenols are degraded at low concentrations, particularly by bacteriums that are widely distributed in the dirt and H2O ( peculiarly Pseudomonas species ) . Degradation by other beings, including barms, Fungis, algae, and higher workss, every bit good as by photolysis, is besides known. { 6 } Because of these grounds methyl phenols and xylenol do non prevail in the environment. Due to its toxicity in H2O, there are rigorous Torahs regulating their release into the aquatic environment. Liquid methyl phenols and xylenols can be absorbed with absorbents like sawdust, peat or diatomaceous earth and so later fire off in particular incineration workss. â€Å"Solidified merchandises should non be dissolved, but removed automatically. Concluding residues can be neutralized with 2 3 % aqueous Na hydrated oxide and flushed with plentifulness of H2O into suited drains taking to a biological effluent intervention plant† Cresols and xylenols nowadays in waste gas watercourses can be removed by scouring the watercourse with sodium hydrated oxide or by firing. Adsorption on activated C is another method that can be used ; this method can roll up up to 0.5kg of cresols/kg. The adsorbate is recovered when the activated C is regenerated. Market and Resources Size The entire production of methyl phenol was estimated to be 175,000 t/a, of which 105 000t was produced via man-made path and 70 000t via natural paths. Approximately 42,000t are produced in the United States, 50,000t in Europe, 58000t in Japan and 25000 T in South Africa. The natural methyl phenol comes from the gasification of coal, from coaking of coal and exhausted refinery caustics in a ratio of 50:35:15. { 7 } The entire end product of methyl phenols have been worsening in the past decennary, this fact can be attributed to a figure of grounds which includes worsening markets, the entryway of 2,6-xylenol manufacturers into the o-cresol market, the outgrowth of South Africa in the market for purified methyl phenols, the worsening handiness of coal pitchs from coking procedures and of exhausted refinery caustics, and the increasing environmental costs. Approximately 165,000t of xylenols are produced yearly, chiefly from United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Xylenol mixtures histories for 30 000 40 000 T, 2,6-xylenol for 125 000 T, and the staying single isomers ( particularly 2,4- , 2,5- and 3,5-xylenol ) , obtained by synthesis or isolated from mixtures, for 10 000 T. Xylenol mixtures are chiefly obtained from exhausted refinery caustics and coal pitchs in the United States, South Africa and Europe As mentioned earlier, there are several procedure paths to methyl phenols and xylenol, nevertheless the most utilised 1s are: Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking Methylation of phenol Synthesis paths from methylbenzene. The inside informations for each of the named procedure paths will be covered in the ulterior facet of this study, below is merely an lineation of the procedure paths and states where it is being utilized. Production FROM COAL TAR Historically, Cresylic acids ; a corporate name for the mixture of methyl phenols phenol and xylenol have been produced from coal pitch isolated during the gasification or carbonisation of coal. The chief feedstock for this procedure is coal pitch and the merchandise is normally a mixture of methyl phenol, phenol and xylenols. Countries and makers that employ the usage of coal pitch in the production of Cresylic acid are outline as follows: Cresylic acids have been traditionally produced from low-temperature coal pitchs in the United Kingdom, with the most outstanding manufacturer being Coalite chemicals. Cresylic acids and 3,5-xylenols are produced in Germany by RuA? tgers VFT AG utilizing coal pitch chemical science â€Å"CdF Chimie in France and Nippon Steel Chemical Co. of Japan have besides been bring forthing some coal pitch based cresols† { 1 } SASOL of South Africa is a major manufacturer of Cresylic acid, and it has been reported methyl phenols of 99 % pureness can be supplied for selected clients. Production FROM NAPTHA CRACKING In the USA, methyl phenols and xylenols have been produced from the naphtha fractions from catalytic thermic snap. The merchandises normally contain up to 1 % C6-C8 phenols. Sulphur Compounds such as alkyl and aryl thiols are treated with concentrated alkalic solutions in a procedure known as sweetener and methyl phenols and xylenols are recovered from exhausted acerb washes, bring forthing Na cresolates/xylenolates. The composing of the exhausted acerb cresolates scopes from 20-25 % of C6-C8 phenols and 10-15 % sulfur compounds. The acerb washes are so collected by companies that produce methyl phenols of which Merichem of Houston, Texas is the most outstanding. This method is largely confine to the USA because of the deficiency of cresolates feedstocks in other states. METHYLATION OF PHENOL This procedure is mostly used for the production of o-cresols and 2,6 xylenols, the procedure consists of merely one reaction measure based on phenol, which is comparatively expensive. Separating the merchandises can besides be dearly-won because of the similarity in boiling points. This procedure can either be carried out in the vapor stage or the liquid stage, with the most common path being the vapour stage path. Methylation in the vapour stage is utilized by: General Electric Co. in the United States ( capacity 5000 t/a of o-cresol and 70 000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) Inspec Fine Chemicals ( once Man-made Chemicals, now a portion of Laporte ) in the United Kingdom ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol, but the works is besides used for the production of 2,4-xylenol by methylation of p-cresol and for 2,5-xylenol and 2,3,6-trimethyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) Chemopetrol in the Czech Republic ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol, m/p-cresol, 2,6-xylenol and other xylenols ) Nippon Crenol ( joint venture of Asahi Chemical Industry and Nippon Steel Chemical Company ; capacity 8000 t/a of o-cresol and 15 000 of t/a 2,6-xylenol ) , GEM Polymers ( joint venture of General Electric Company, Mitsui Chemicals Co. , and Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals ; ( capacity 2500 t/a of o-cresol and 11 500 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) , Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company ( capacity 5000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) and Honshu Chemical Industry Co. ( capacity 5000 of t/a 2,5-xylenol and chiefly 2,3,6-trimehyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) all of which are in Japan Synthesis paths from methylbenzene There are three possible man-made paths from methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene Chlorination of methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene: Sulfonation of methylbenzene is normally used in the production of p-cresol and o-cresol. Companies that makes usage of this procedure includes Inspec Fine Chemicals in United Kingdom ( 15000 -16000t/a ) Konan Chemicals, Japan ( 4000t/a ) Atul limited in India ( 5500t/a ) Commercial workss that employ the usage of Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene includes Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Limited and Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd which are both in Japan. The capacity of the workss are about 20,000t/a The lone commercial works in the universe that uses chlorination of methylbenzene is operated by BAYER AG in Germany. Easy handiness of Cl at a low monetary value might hold made Bayer s works still attractive. { 7 } Market Although used in aromas and nutrient additives, the chief markets for methyl phenol and xylenol are in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Pharmaceutical industry Cresol and xylenol derived functions, particularly p-cresol derived functions have been used as an of import intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry. Compounds derived from p-derivative include dilitiazem hydrochloride and trimethoprin. P-cresol derived functions such as Para-anisic aldehyde and p-anisic intoxicant have been used as feedstock for production of of import majority drugs. P-anisic aldehyde is used as a critical natural stuff in production of Dilitiazem. Dilitiazem hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist high blood pressure drug. It produces its antihypertensive consequence chiefly by relaxation of vascular smooth musculus and the attendant lessening in perepheral vascular opposition. The magnitude of blood force per unit area decrease is related to the grade of high blood pressure { 7 } . Introduced in the 1970s dilitiazem is presently being produced in Japan, India, Israel and Holland with the planetary production estimated at 1000t/a. it has been reported that there is expected growing of about 7-8 % in production of Dilitiazem during the following few old ages. It is besides of import to observe that India is presently the largest maker of p-anisic aldehyde. P-cresol have besides replaced Gallic acid as the get downing stuff for the production of 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde which is later used in the synthesis of trimethoprim. States that make usage of the engineering for the for the synthesis of trimethoprin from 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde includes USA, Canada, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Denmark and India. The planetary demand for trimethoprim is estimated to be around 500t/a with about 300t/a produced in India. These are merely two named illustrations of how methyl phenols and xylenols can be utilized in the pharmecutical industry. They serve as edifice blocks to legion other drugs which includes vitamin E. Going into the elaborate production of each drug produced is beyond the range of this study. However because of their huge application, the pharmaceutical industry is a moneymaking market for methyl phenol and xylenol and their derived functions. Agrochemicals The germicide, bactericidal and antifungal belongingss of Cresylic acids have been known for the last 60 old ages. Cresols were used in domestic application as bactericidal and para-chloro-meta-cresol is besides used as wood preservatives. However, it is non merely the first coevals derived functions of single methyl phenols but secondary and even third derived functions that have proved to be really of import works growing regulators or agrochemicals apart from their utilizations as family insect and pest repellants { 7 } As mentioned with the pharmaceutical industry, methyl phenol and xylenol are of import intermediate used in the production of agrochemicals, traveling into inside informations of the different agrochemical produced would be diversing from the chief intent of these study.

Arsenic in Groundwater in Eastern New England Research Proposal

Arsenic in Groundwater in Eastern New England - Research Proposal Example In eastern New England, the high concentrations of Arsenic occur in groundwater. Several researches have established that underground water contains arsenic due to bedrock geology (Environmental Science and Technology, 2006). A sample of 790 groundwater test samples from bedrocks within Maine and Augusta revealed that 31 of the samples contain arsenic greater than 10 milligrams per litre. High amount of geogenic arsenic within subsurface water in eastern New England has generated a lot of public health concern within US and the entire world. With a population of approximately 103, 000 majority of the inhabitant have private wells that supply drinking water. A large proportion of these wells have not complied with the requirement of Maximum Containment Level (MCL), which is 10 ÃŽ ¼g/L worldwide (De, Belkin & Lima, 2008). This situation increases exposure of the people using water from these wells to arsenic element. In this scenario, anthropogenic activities such as lumbering, use of pesticides and manufacturing contribute immensely to high levels of the element in groundwater (Henke, 2009). The private well owners by not complying with the MCL recommendations contribute to high increase in arsenic in drinking water drawn from the wells. However, drinking water drawn from unconsolidated aquifers contains less concentration of arsenic. Naturally, unconsolidated sedimentary rocks as well as bedrock aquifers contain arsenic. High concentrations of the chemicals are in glacial, alluvial, and volcanic basins occupied by sedimentary aquifers. In most instances, high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater occur due to geologic units in earth. These include Eliot formation, Berwick Formation, Rangeley Formation, and Ayer granodiorite (De, Belkin & Lima, 2008). Consequently, wells lying on metasedimentary bedrocks in New Hampshire and Maine produce water with the highest

A comparison of Francis Bacon and Mary Shelley's views of science as Essay

A comparison of Francis Bacon and Mary Shelley's views of science as expressed in The Sphinx and Frankenstein, respectively - Essay Example Bacon theorized that science is a means to solving two riddles, one being the nature of things and the other the nature of man. His ideas for a way to solve these riddles are very similar to the widely utilized scientific method, believing that matter can be studied and understood by observation, trial, and error (Bacon). Bacon manifests his vision of science in the mythical Sphinx. The Sphinx is a monster with the head and voice of a young woman, the feet of the griffin, and wings of a bird. The creature and her riddles represent the riddles of science and how searching for the answers can either tear apart a man or cause a break through by answering the riddle and subduing the Sphinx, or quenching the man’s immediate thirst for knowledge. The man who finally defeats the Sphinx, a man with high intelligence and clubbed feet, demonstrates the need for patience and taking things slowly when confronting the riddles of science. If a man showed ignorance in the face of science, if he failed to answer the riddle correctly, the Sphinx would rip him apart. The griffin claws of the Sphinx represent the way that the pursuit of answers can take sharp hold in the human mind, effectively ripping it apart if the answers are not found. In the same vein, the face and voice represent the beauty of science and the wings are indicative of how the answers of science spread and fly quickly to the far reaches of the Earth (Bacon). Her riddles originate from the Muses, where the questions are ambiguous and have no emotional subtext. Once the riddles reach the Sphinx, they contain the unbiased cruelty of the pursuits of science, where the questions themselves do not care regarding the havoc they can wreak on those who dare to try to solve them. Bacon has taken an ancient myth and applied it to the mysteries of the universe. Mary Shelley’s view of science relates to Bacon’s in that she also viewed

Successful strategies for small music venues

Successful strategies for small music venues This study will analyse what successful marketing strategies for small music venues are. The topic is of special interest due to different factors. According to different surveys among them the Mintel Live Entertainment and Music Concert study, there is a growing interest in live music acts (Music Week, 20.10.2007). People are increasingly interested to catch a band rather than going to a club or watching a comedy acts, so says Keith Ames, member of the Musicians Union (Music Week 17, 25.07.09). On the other hand, one can read more often about the closure of smaller live music venues, venues that can host around 200 people. A number of venues were forced to close down, among them The Point in Cardiff and The Charlotte in Leicester. These venues have hosted big named artists. The venues, especially Leicesters legendary Charlotte, were symbolic for their traditional public house environment. Many promoters are complaining that festivals, stadiums and arenas are dominating the market and drawing the money away from the smaller gigs and tours. That might be in favour for the bands itself but smaller operating venues are not in favour of that concept. The promoter Rupert Dell mentions to Music Week, that it is almost impossible to make money if venues are operating under a capacity below the 300-500 mark, though, there are places that do well, mostly be relying on the bar. It is up to the small live music venues to find a way to successfully compete against the bigger venues. They have to basically think outside the box to attract people on the venues. Many venues around the UK have become very successful in viral marketing, also knows as word-of-mouth, and targeting the right fan base. Social networking became an essential part of the venues marketing approaches. Mintels research also indicates that social networking sites and downloading have promoted, rather than damaged, the live music industry, with the result that regular internet users are more likely to go to gigs. Though, Dell believes that social networking sites can hinder as well as help and says venues have to be prepared to work harder than ever to attract the crowds. Many local venues around the UK still follow their concept that they have been there for ages and doing a good job. There venues include The Ruby Lounge and Night Day in Manchester, Sheffields Leadmill or the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds, on which the focus will rely on in this study. There are many more factors that make it difficult for smaller music venues to compete against the bigger ones. One of them used is the Licensing Act 2003: An Act to make provision about the regulation of the sale and supply of alcohol, the provision of entertainment and the provision of late night refreshment, about offences relating to alcohol and for connected purposes. (Legislation.gov.uk) The license requirements cost too much money for the venues. The benefits for the venues itself are too little. Though, it has put into question of the Licensing Act 2003 really harms or encourages the small live music venues. The Licensing Act 2003 has been changed in favour for the small venues (FAQ Licensing Act 2003). Since small venues were still struggling so much, the Parliamentary Select Committee allows certain premises to operate without an entertainment licence. The so-called Two-in-a-bar rule, allows venues that host a capacity up to 200 people can operate without an entertainment license when only one or even two artists are performing in the venue (The Independent, 16.02.2000). There have been many approached to expand that rule since the venues are still struggling. That is only one factor the venues have to deal with. Therefore it is the venues task to find a way to stay competitive and solvent. In order to do so, the venues have to find a successful marketing strategy. To evaluate that, different study aims and objectives have arise which will be exemplified in the following excerpt. Study aims The aim of this study is to investigate what marketing strategies are adopted by small and private owned live music venues in order to compete against the bigger ones. In order to achieve this aim the following objectives were devised. Study objectives The objectives of this study are as followed: understand how live music entertainment is successfully marketed understand the marketing approaches that are available for implementation and taken by managers of live music venues understand the problems faced by the organisations marketing a service like that investigate how small music venues market themselves using the Leeds area for a study case. 1.4 Choice of topic This paper is an investigation in the marketing approaches of live indoor music venues and which strategies are most appropriate for promoting the venue and the staging event. As mentioned above, there has been an immense increase in the live music during the recent years. But even though that is the case, many live music venues are forced to close down. That effects especially smaller venues. Besides of frequent concert visits, the author is genuinely interested in the marketing action provided by those venues in the events industry. And after reading an article about the struggle of small live music venues, it was of great personal interest to see what can be done to compete against the wide range of live music venues. Chapter 2 2. Music performances in the event context In attempting to explain music performances in the events nature, the author finds that music events are classed as fairs and festivals (Goldblatt, 1997) and art festivals/events (Getz, 1997). These events need a lot of support and technical back up and therefore have the potential bring the spectators and performers together. According to this statement Goldblatt (1997, p7) also quotes: Fairs and festivals provide unlimited opportunities for organisations to celebrate their culture while providing deep meaning for those who participate and attend. Gretz on the other hand describes entertainment events as followed: Art festivals are universal, but with considerable diversity on form and type of art featured Gretz (1997) sees it as essential put art festivals in three different categories: Visual (e.g. handicraft, sculpture, painting) Performing (e.g. music, dance, drama, cinema, poetry; usually involving performers in from of the audience) Participation (no separation of audience and performer) In the context of this study, one can say that live music performances can be categorised under art and festival events, more precisely they can be defined as performing arts. After having music events categorised, the next chapter will deal with the wide field of marketing and marketing of small music venues. Chapter 3: Marketing 3.1 Introduction In order to satisfy the study objectives one and two of this dissertation, the author will explain the terms of the marketing concepts and explains as well as marketing strategies which can also be implemented in businesses such as music venues. 3.2. What is Marketing? Marketing is an essential and indispensable part for all sorts of businesses, including the events industry. The complexity of marketing is also seen in the wide range of literature that exists. Marketing is an always changing topic. Definitions are steadily renewed and expanded. Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell (2006) are defining marketing as followed: Marketing consists of individual and organisational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships on a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of good, services and ideas. Kotler (1997) states: Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with offers. Blythe (1998) declares: Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. The author finds these definitions mentioned above appealing because it succeeds in addressing the importance of management and profit in relation to marketing, and the modern day of business. As one can tell from the definitions above, the focus of marketing is on satisfying human needs in return of benefits for the business. A business need to satisfy their customers in order to succeed. That is the major concept of marketing. When the customers a kept happy, they will return to the business to provide additional custom. For the business itself, marketing should provide a financial benefit and a greater understanding of the organisation. Therefore it is extremely important for marketers to understand their markets customer, competitors and market trends and also the businesss capabilities. Understanding general market trends is also very relevant for a business. That includes all those that include the market environment: social trends, technological enhancements, economic patterns, changes in the legal and regulatory arena, political influences (Dibb, Simkin, Pride and Ferrell, 2006). The product or service offered must be in line with the customer needs and also the service level must clearly be determined. Furthermore pricing and payment issues must be decided, channels of distribution establishes in order to make the product or service available and the promotional strategies need to be devised and executed to communicate with the targeted customers. Is that the case, marketers can develop their marketing strategies and programmes. According to Dibb et al. (2006) marketing consists of the ASP approach: Analyses first, then Strategy decisions with, finally, the formulation of marketing Programmes. This approach consists of basics like satisfying customers and stakeholders, target the right customer group, facilitating exchange relationships, staying ahead in a dynamic environment, increasing the market share and one of the most important facts enhancing the profitability or income. For marketing live entertainment events, marketers use a slightly different kind of marketing which is classified as service marketing. This will be explained in the following chapter. 3.4 Service Marketing 3.4.1 Introduction Relating to study objective number one which covers the questions how music entertainment is successfully marketed, the author sees it as inevitable to give an understanding of service marketing. Service marketing is the most appropriate kind of marketing in the context of entertainment. The author sees it for necessary to define first what exactly is meant by the word service and characteristics service has. Berry (1990) defines service as followed and at the same time shows the distinction to the word good: In general, good can be defined as objects, devises, or things, whereas service can be defined as deeds, efforts, or performances. Hoffman et al. (2006) lists four main characteristics for services: intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity and perishability. Due to the importance of these terms, they will be briefly explained in the following sub-chapters. 3.4.2 Intangibility Hoffman et al. (2006) defines intangibility as followed: A distinguishing characteristic of services that makes them unable to be touched or sensed in the same manner as physical goods. An example of intangibility could be a concert to be enjoyed at a music venue. The customer purchases a concert ticket, which entitles the customer to an experience. Since the concert experience is intangible, it is subjectively evaluated; that is, customer of services must rely on the judgements of others who have previously experienced the service for pre-purchase information. The customer will return with the experience of the concert and his memories, the physical ownership that he retains is only the ticket stub. An importing part of a service marketing programme involves to reduce the customers perceived risk by adding physical evidence and the development of strong brands. 3.4.3 Inseparability Hoffman et al. (2006) offers following definition: A distinguishing characteristic of services that reflects the interconnection among the service provider, the customer involved in receiving the service, and other customers sharing the service experience. An example for inseparability could be a musical performance that is created (produced) as it is experienced (consumed) by the audience. The interaction between customer and service provider defines a critical incident. Critical incidents represent the greatest opportunity for both gains and losses in regard to customer satisfaction and retention. 3.4.4. Heterogeneity A distinguishing characteristic of services that reflects the variation on consistency from one service transaction to the next. (Hoffmann et al, 2006) Heterogeneity makes it impossible for a service operation to achieve perfect quality on an ongoing basis. Many errors in service operations are one-time events. Another challenge that heterogeneity defines is that the consistency can vary from firm to firm, it also varies when interacting with the same service provider on a daily basis. 3.4.5 Perishability A distinguishing characteristic of services in that they cannot be saved, their unused capacity cannot be reserved and they cannot be inventoried. (Hoffmann et al, 2006) The customer is usually involved in the production process of a service at the same time as it is produced. Therefore it can be difficult to control and monitor and ensure stable standards. It is not possible with services to pre-deliver an inspection that is open to manufacturers of goods. These explanations provide a brief overview about the characteristics of services which include music performances. Following it will be explained how a service like that can be marketed and brought to the target customer. 3.5 Communication in Service Marketing Introduction With the focus on the second study objective where is was questioned which marketing approached are available, there will be an investigation of the field of service marketing. Marketing within events is based on communication. This can be done by directly informing the customer of a service that is offered, though customer feedback or market research. The main role of a communication strategy is to inform or remind a customer about a service that is offered. The organisation has to create customer awareness and also position an offered service in the customers evoked set of alternatives. Keeping the customer updated with the services is an essential part of the communication service, since people forget quickly and easily (Bateson, 1992). There are two ways in which communication of services may be handled: non-personal sources and personal sources. Non-personal sources are mediums such as television advertising or printed information in newspapers or magazines. Personal sources are on face-to-face basis. It is though all individuals who are in contact with the consumer of purchase, consumption and postpurchase stages. The objectives and strategies of communications can differ, depending on the nature of the target group (Hoffmann et all., 2009). Therefore communication strategies and objectives will be closer described in the following sections. 3.5.1 Communication Strategy in service marketing The development of a service marketing strategy has similarities to the regular marketing strategy which includes the identification of the target market, selection of a positioning strategy and tailoring a communication mix to the targeted audience that reinforces the desired positioning strategy. The three objectives of a communication strategy in general are to inform, to persuade and to remind. It is possible that these objectives can change over the course of the products life circle, depending whether the organisation would like to target current users or nonusers (Hoffman et all., 2009). 3.5.2. Determining a target market In order to meet the general communication objectives, the service organisation must analyse the need of consumers and then categorise consumers with similar needs into market segment (Masterman and Wood, 2006). The segmentation can be applied on a very simple level. A differentiation can simply be implemented by categories such as consumer/organisational markets or male/female segment or local/national/international market. Often segmentation can be a little more sophisticated by using lifestyle, attitudes or opinions and interest. An example of a music event is be a concert production. Of interest here for determining the target group is firstly the music taste of the targeted audience, lifestyle and also reference groups. Age, gender or economic situation are less relevant here (Cottle and Ratneshwar, 2003). Once the target audience has been evaluated, objectives can be developed for each identified target group, as each group may have different communication preferences. 3.5.3. Organisations positioning strategy After having selected the target group, it is necessary to establish a positioning strategy. A positioning strategy is a plan for differentiating the organisation from its competitors in consumers eyes (Hoffman et all, 2009). But there is also the competitive position, which determines the position among the competitive environment. Positioning involves a strategic manipulation of the organisations marketing mix variables: product, price, promotion, place, physical evidence, people and processes. Every single of the components is controllable. When these are effectively combined, the organisation can balance the factors that are uncontrollable and which exist in every organisations environment like technological advances, customer needs, new and existing competitors, government regulations, economic conditions and the effects or seasonability. Kotler (1997) states that companies that fail to alter their positioning strategy to reflect environmental changes in order to differentiate themselves from competitors often falter in the long term. 3.5.4. Competitive position When identifying the current position, the process uses market share trends to determine whether the organisation is a market leader, market challenger, market follower or market nicher. A market leader will have different strategic options to an organisation on a niche market or a smaller player in the field. In relation to the study objectives one and two, the authors finds it relevant to explain the characteristics of a market nicher since small music venues feature characteristics of a market nicher. Often market nicher tend to be very successful with their strategy by avoiding direct conflicts with the larger competitors. In order to achieve this success, the organisation created a kind of specialism in a particular area. This can be the a product itself, the service level or the market that they operate in. The professional competence protects them from attacks and provides enough space for growth of the right target market was selected. Growth in this context does not necessarily mean market expansion but more through market penetration (Hoffman et al, 2009). 3.5.5 Positioning According to Ries and Trout (1992), positioning refers to the position that a product has in the consumers mind in comparison to the competing product. It is important to determined the desired position for each target market. The marketing mix can change according to the target market since the focus has to be changed according the preferences of the target audience. For changing the existing position of a product or brand, marketing communications are often used. By repositioning, the organisation has the chance to gain market share, attract a new market, or recondition an offered product that is coming to the end of their life cycle. Marketing communication helps to change existing approached of a service by using new information, imagery and comparisons. When positioning, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the current position. In order to see how a product is perceived when comparing it with the competitors, it requires a good market research in each target market. Depending on the organisation, there are several criteria on which a product is evaluated. For a concert venue, the ease of access, atmosphere or performance may be of major interest. It is important to identify which is the most relevant criteria for each target group. When having evaluated that, positioning can be made a lot easier, also by using different tool like a positioning map. These maps are very useful for evaluating the competitors offerings and also to advise future strategic actions (Masterman and Wood, 2006). Positioning is an essential aspect of a marketing plan and often leads to a so called positioning statement. These positioning statements shows how an organisation wishes to perceive their products and brand and created consistency, clarity and continuity in how it addresses to target market (Kanzler, 2003; Davidson and Rogers, 2006). 3.6 Communication Mix Introduction In an attempt to satisfy study objective one and two of this dissertation, the author within this chapter explains the concept of the communication mix, also known as promotional mix, and as well explains what tools are available to marketing personnel to marketing a service like live music performances. 3.6.1 What is the communication mix? The communication mix is a set of communication tools which marketers use to communication with their target market. The major tools that are used are media advertising, public relations, sales promotion and the personal selling. This promotion mix has been extended to word-of-mouth, corporate identity, sponsorship and corporate hospitality, e-marketing, exhibitions and events and merchandising (Masterman and Wood, 2006). Wigram (2004) states, when utilising these different methods, the organisation can deliver experiences and information which are relevant to the different target audiences and which collectively deliver the brand vision. When staying in subsequent contact with the customer, it is also important to consider the communication budget (Boone and Kurtz, 1993). Especially for small firm that is very important due to the limited budget that is available. When the budget has been determined, the target audience, objectives and budgets are divided among the different areas of the communication mix. Following there will be different communication tools explained that are relevant and most appropriate for small businesses such as live music venues. Public Relations Due to the complexity of PR, the topic be briefly explained and explained why PR is appropriate for small organisations including music venues. In the following sub-chapter, there will be an explanation of PR as well as how it is relevant to an organisation like a music venue. What is PR? Public relations is a wide field and there a different definitions for this term. Palmer (2008) states that PR is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation and its public. Masterman and Wood (2006) write that PR is used to raise the success of an organisation. It covers a corporate, financial, marketing, community and internal activity. As mentioned before, PR aims to change the opinions of the parties that have a certain influence on the success of an event. PR should also focus on credibility and reputation and therefore with the external perception. Yeshin (1998), Pickton and Broderick (2001) and Fill (2002) agree that PR has a very wide role, not only to support the marketing act. It engages managing communications with every group of the organisation that are considered an important factor in the successful implementation of an event. Uses of public relations Following there are listed a few ways of how to use PR. They are adopted by Masterman and Wood (2006, p88) and can be categorised as follows: Customer retention: using PR activity such as events, launches and media liaison to support marketing push to retain customer, grow sales and market share. Investment: using PR activities such as corporate hospitality to encourage new and further investment via the development of investor relations. Bargaining status: using PR to build brand in order to achieve better relationships with supplier and customers Staff relations: using PR to portray a healthy organisation in order to attract and maintain a desired quality of staff. Business development: initiating and building new business through PR activity such as events, corporate hospitality and business-to-business communication on order to develop business from new or existing customers. The author believes that these categories describe very well, how PR can be engaged in a business and what benefits it can bring for the organisation. Media advertising Introduction Advertising is a very suitable tool for reaching various target groups. Individuals are subjected to at least 600 advertisements a day (Clow and Baack, 2004). Mostsly the crucial factor for the choice of media are the costs. Due to a wide range of tools, even small firms can advertise events very favourable. Advertisements are designed to transfer an event message to the customer, inform, persuade and remind him (Boone and Kurtz, 2002). The advantage of media advertising is that one can reach a mass audience, also on a selective basis (Pickton and Broderick, 2001). Shimp (1997) confirms that advertising is a crucial factor for the successful introduction of a brand or event. Greetz (1997) adds that advertising increases the awareness of an events and that it can demand in sales. Following there will be a brief explanation of a few tools that are very suitable for organisations of all kind. Television Television targets a very wide group of people, often on a national level; very suitable for big events like e.g. World-wide sport events. A disadvantage is the cost of production which can be relatively high and therefore not affordable for small businesses. Newspaper Newspapers have a few advantages. One of them is the credibility and also that it offers a great targeted flexibility, from regional and local editions. Boone and Kurtz (2002) also state that local newspaper have a great impact on the local community, since they can be more easily involved. Furthermore, with newspapers, they have the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, especially local papers. Magazines When advertising in consumer magazines, it has the advantage that they are highly segmented. They offer a sophisticated targeting opportunity. Though, promoters often have to plan a long time ahead. During that time, the event plan could might have changed. Cost-wise, it depends on the magazine, whether it is a small more local magazine or a national one. Radio Radio is a very effective mass medium for creating a one-to-one relationship with the customer. It has a great flexibility in advertising locally, regionally or nationally (Clow and Blaack, 2004). As Masterman and Wood (2006) put it: The beauty of local radio for event organisers is its place in the community. Using local radio, can also be relatively inexpensive and target the local listeners. Outdoor Outdoor includes traditionally posters, billboards, transportation and street furniture. This kind of advertising is very low in costs, has a broad reach and long life. Also fly-posting is a very popular medium and often used for music and club promoters (Masterman and Wood, 2006). E-marketing The internet is another mass medium that is nowadays widely used. This mass advertising and e-mail is a cheap ways for direct marketing. Many venues have their own websites which can add longevity to an events. It is a good opportunity for very creative and innovative event marketing strategy. The websites should be updated regularly with information that are of interest to the various target groups. 3.7. Problems arising with the service communication mix Introduction With the focus on the third study aim which focuses on the problems that are faced by the organisations marketing services like live music performances, there will be an investigation on problems that arise within the communication mix. According to Hoffman et al (2009), inseparability and intangibility offer special challenges that have to be followed when implementing and developing a communication strategy. There are different problems that can appear, e.g. mistargeted communication, the management of the consumers expectation, internal marketing communication and selling/operating conflicts (George and Berry, 1981). These problems will now be further explained. 3.7.1. Mistargeted communication Positioning is very important in marketing. It can improve the organisations marketing efficiency when targeting different marketing activities according to the different target group who behave differently towards the organisation. The consequences of mistargeted communication for certain service organisations are clearly more significant than for traditional goods-producing organisations because of the shared consumption experience. Mistargeted communications are communication methods that affect an inappropriate segment of the market. 3.7.2. Managing Expectations Another problem are the customers expectations. An organisations communications are often interpreted as an explicit service promise that consumers use to base their initial expectations. The organisation has the opportunity to direct control the sources of expectation. Though, the organisation cannot influence past experiences and competitors activities. By having that control, the organisation has to define the objectives for the communication mix. One strategy for an organisation including a music venue, would be to reduce consumer expectations as much as possible. That would result in a higher satisfaction level of the customer. On the other hand, in competitive terms, many organisations build up expectations in order to differentiate themselves in the market place and try to attract people to them and not to the competitors. However, there is a risk, that organisations promise too much and increase the customers expectation to an unrealistic level. It would be most effective to match the expectations of the customer to the performance characteristics of the service delivery system (Bateson, 1992). 3.7.3. Internal marketing communications So far, it marketing communications were only mentioned to the external environment. But also internally, marketing communication is extremely important since it can be highly motivated if empathised by the staff. The staff has to have a clear understanding of the communication methods within the organisation. It might raise the